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In this article, the author analyses papers from the past three decades related to scientific research and find that the best science comes from international collaboration. He states that the rise in total annual output for each country in the research field is due to international collaboration. He further states that he has calculated the balance of international and domestic research collaboration for various established economies such as the U.S., Great Britain and India.

This article focuses on careers in journalism. A staff position as a science journalist is as rare as it is coveted. In fact, many more opportunities exist for public information officers or freelance writers. Whatever the position, the ability to communicate is the common denominator. People who write about science for a living fall into two broad categories. There's science journalism and science writing, and those are two different things, says Deb Blum, president of the U.S. National Association of Science Writers (NASW), which promotes both roles. Blum says that journalism is undergoing a revival that reflects an upturn in U.S. advertising dollars.

Reports on the publication of a research paper that argues in favor of intelligent design in the "Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" in the U.S. Impact of the publication of the paper on the advocacy of getting intelligent design into the curriculum; Use of information theory and other techniques to argue that the complexity of living organisms cannot be explained by Darwinian evolution; Overview of the arguments of Stephen Meyer, the author of the paper.

Investigates the growth of nanotechnology data falsification in the U.S. Impact of document falsification on nanotechnology researcher; Scrutiny of the papers relating to electronic devices; Role of physicist Malcolm Beasley in the investigation of data.

The article discusses the failure of U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to fund the most impactful researchers in favor of more conformists scientists with interests similar to those of the grant reviewers.

Reports on the controversy surrounding a US government position paper on combating global warming. The delay of legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions; The reason environmentalists are upset.

The article presents an analysis of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cassini mission's collected data about the planet Saturn determining its rotation which Peter Read, a physicist at the University of Oxford, Great Britain, has set it to be 10 hours, 34 minutes and 13 seconds. Read and the Cassini team, using the three- dimensional atmospheric maps, end up with Saturn's rotation period which is 5 minutes more than the magnetic field teams has calculated.

The article profiles astronomer and post-doctoral student Joris De Ridder and his research of sound waves emitted from red giant stars. De Ridder and his research team use asteroseismology to measure variations in star brightness that reveal information about a star's makeup and age. The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Agency has asked De Ridder to lead a red giant observation project using the Kepler telescope.

The article reports on the research conducted by David Bartel and Nikolaus Rajewsky regarding the implication of RNA to the production of cellular proteins in the U.S. When both intellectuals presented their work during the molecular biology symposium in Miami, they discovered that they were tackling the same issue. To unveil the mystery behind these cellular proteins, they need to look at changes in thousands of proteins at once and detect the differences in protein abundance. They found a glean insight into how miRNA act to fine tune the levels of thousands of proteins in a cell.

The article outlines the research conducted by Sakari Kauppinen and colleagues regarding the impact RNA molecules in HØrsholm, Denmark. They collaborated with RxGen and Standford University in California wherein they have successfully blocked the activity of one type of microRNA in non-human primates and the compound they developed is a potential treatment for hepatitis C. It also reveals that microRNAs regulate protein synthesis by binding to the messenger RNAs that provide the recipe for protein construction, repressing the relevant protein's production.

The article highlights the background of termite's research by Jared Leadbetter during his journey to Costa Rica in May 2005. It is said that Leadbetter, an environmental microbiologist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, took a slice of the termite nest and transported it and its inhabitants, the tropical Nasutitermes termites, to Costa Rica's National Biodiversity Institute wherein he dissected almost 200 termites. Leadbetter found a high concentration of spirochetes, a helical bacteria that are usually associated with disease, in the termite's hindgut. It is claimed that the research implicates spirochetes in the initial hydrolysis of wood polysaccharides, making it a crucial part of the termite's digestive machinery.

The article discusses the complement of Leslie Vosshall, a neurogeneticist at the Rockefeller University in New York, and Hiroaki Matsumi and His Group at Duke University Medical Center, in Durnham, North Carolina, for the experimentation on John Amoore's research on the perception of androstenone, an odorous steroid in the urine and sweat of men in the U.S. Matsunumi arranges the coding region of the OR7D4 gene of 391, an odour receptors in tissue-culture cells, to Vosshal's volunteers. It is then, Vosshal recognizes that there is clear and strong correlation between having the functional receptor in the genome and being very sensitive to androstenone.

The article focuses on the efforts of Rudolph Jaenisch, a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to prove the potentials of human embryonic stem-cell research. He claimed that the U.S. government's policy on the certain area of genetics is unreasonable. Jaenisch cited bioethicist William Hurlbut's accelerated nuclear transfer (ANT) proposal as a way to solve the crisis concerning genetic engineering. He has expressed his determination to turn the ANT theory into practice.

Focuses on the experiment made by Cornelia Bargmann in studying the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans in her bid to gain insight into the complex relationship between learning and behavior in the U.S. Implementation of conditioning, a form of learning; Performance of simple experiments exposing worms to a good strain of bacteria and a bad one; Emphasis on the plan of Bargmann to find out how the worms make the associations with good and bad bacteria.

Focuses on the effort of scientist Joe Orenstein to measure how electrons move through semiconductor and superconductor materials in the U.S. Details on the random movement of electrons that generates an overall electrical current in a given direction; Emphasis on the aspect of electron behavior in semiconductors; Accounts on the theory to describe spin motion at the lowest temperature.

Focuses on the study of marine nitrification of ammonia and other marine microorganisms in the U.S. Potential use of Archaea in turning ammonia into nitrites; Difficulty of culturing Archaea; Role of genes in bacterial nitrification.

The article discusses electronic voting machines, particularly the direct recording electronic (DRE) devices. The device translates a voter's choice into electronic data. Computer scientists Avi Rubin and Dan Wallach recommended that DRE systems should generate voter-verified audit trails on which a voter could check that his or her vote had been cast correctly. The DRE system was put in place in the May 2006 primary elections in Ohio. However, it was not a great success and a Ohio study showed that almost 10% of the paper records were useless or absent because the printers jammed, ran out of paper or overprinted.

Reports that Agouron Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California, has been found guilty of stealing research. Work stolen from Huguette Pelletier when she worked at the University of California at San Diego; Pelletier's work published by Agouron in `Cell'; Decision of a state court jury against Agouron.

Reports on `New England Journal of Medicine' periodical's publication of a corrected data on the federal funding of research on the treatment of rare, life-threatening birthmarks in infants in the United States. Publication of a study on the effectiveness of interferon alfa-2a in reducing hemangiomas; Investigation into the conduct of the physicians involved in the study.

Reveals a case of scientific plagiarism being investigated by India's Society for Scientific Values. Work recycled by faculty members; Fears of India's scientific reputation being sullied. Other recent revelations of fraud.

The authors discuss the aspects of funding of biomedical research by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) which propelled medical advances and scientific breakthroughs in the U.S. The authors contend that many authors of innovative and influential papers in life sciences do not receive funding from NIH. The authors argue that funding systems based on peer reviews used by the NIH is encouraging conformity if not mediocrity and ignore innovative thinkers.

Natural disasters trigger complex chains of events within human societies 1 . Immediate deaths and damage are directly observed after a disaster and are widely studied, but delayed downstream outcomes, indirectly caused by the disaster, are difficult to trace back to the initial event 1,2 . Tropical cyclones (TCs)-that is, hurricanes and tropical storms-are widespread globally and have lasting economic impacts 3-5 , but their full health impact remains unknown. Here we conduct a large-scale evaluation of long-term effects of TCs on human mortality in the contiguous United States (CONUS) for all TCs between 1930 and 2015. We observe a robust increase in excess mortality that persists for 15 years after each geophysical event. We estimate that the average TC generates 7,000-11,000 excess deaths, exceeding the average of 24 immediate deaths reported in government statistics 6,7 . Tracking the effects of 501 historical storms, we compute that the TC climate of CONUS imposes an undocumented mortality burden that explains a substantial fraction of the higher mortality rates along the Atlantic coast and is equal to roughly 3.2-5.1% of all deaths. These findings suggest that the TC climate, previously thought to be unimportant for broader public health outcomes, is a meaningful underlying driver for the distribution of mortality risk in CONUS, especially among infants (less than 1 year of age), people 1-44 years of age, and the Black population. Understanding why TCs induce this excess mortality is likely to yield substantial health benefits., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Twenty genetic therapies have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to date, a number that now includes the first CRISPR genome-editing therapy for sickle cell disease-CASGEVY (exagamglogene autotemcel, Vertex Pharmaceuticals). This extraordinary milestone is widely celebrated owing to the promise for future genome-editing treatments of previously intractable genetic disorders and cancers. At the same time, such genetic therapies are the most expensive drugs on the market, with list prices exceeding US$4 million per patient. Although all approved cell and gene therapies trace their origins to academic or government research institutions, reliance on for-profit pharmaceutical companies for subsequent development and commercialization results in prices that prioritize recouping investments, paying for candidate product failures and meeting investor and shareholder expectations. To increase affordability and access, sustainable discovery-to-market alternatives are needed that address system-wide deficiencies. Here we present recommendations of a multidisciplinary task force assembled to chart such a path. We describe a pricing structure that, once implemented, could reduce per-patient cost tenfold and propose a business model that distributes responsibilities while leveraging diverse funding sources. We also outline how academic licensing provisions, manufacturing innovation and supportive regulations can reduce cost and enable broader patient treatment., (© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.)

The article reports on the efforts of U.S. government to make scientific research available for all. It reports that the accessibility offered by the Internet has transformed science publishing over the past decade. The government of the U.S. is making efforts to make all federally funded research available for free. The new system will make huge numbers of scientific articles publicly available for all. It reports that such archives will basically contain the final versions of the manuscripts written by the authors. There was an increase in public access in late 2007 when the U.S. Congress passed a bill and made it compulsory for scientists funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) to deposit their papers within 12 months of publication.

The sea level along the US coastlines is projected to rise by 0.25-0.3 m by 2050, increasing the probability of more destructive flooding and inundation in major cities 1-3 . However, these impacts may be exacerbated by coastal subsidence-the sinking of coastal land areas 4 -a factor that is often underrepresented in coastal-management policies and long-term urban planning 2,5 . In this study, we combine high-resolution vertical land motion (that is, raising or lowering of land) and elevation datasets with projections of sea-level rise to quantify the potential inundated areas in 32 major US coastal cities. Here we show that, even when considering the current coastal-defence structures, further land area of between 1,006 and 1,389 km 2 is threatened by relative sea-level rise by 2050, posing a threat to a population of 55,000-273,000 people and 31,000-171,000 properties. Our analysis shows that not accounting for spatially variable land subsidence within the cities may lead to inaccurate projections of expected exposure. These potential consequences show the scale of the adaptation challenge, which is not appreciated in most US coastal cities., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The article comments on the efforts of the National Science Foundation (NSF) to audit time-keeping by researchers in the U.S. It is reported that two initial audits by NSF have uncovered sloppy record keeping that hint at a major problem, and the foundation wants to ensure that universities avoid abuse of funding system. It is viewed that the foundation's efforts may serve as an instructive template for the National Institute of Health (NIH) to monitor reporting of its grantees.

The article discusses about the research in science done by North American countries. Topics include the researchers and budget allocated for nature science and life science in the U.S. and Canada, National Institutes of Health of the countries, and the research profiles of Harvard University in Massachusetts and University of Toronto in Canada. Several charts of the research efficiency and strengths of U.S. and Canada, and articles published in journals of the universities.

The article focuses on the redaction commanded by the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) to publishers of journals on a dual-use research which shows the process of transmitting H5N1 avian influenza virus to mammals. It states that NSABB was doubtful to disseminate the research due to its risk for accidental release of lethal new virus. It adds that the NSABB's voting and non-voting members have deliberated and decided to fully publish the report in March 2012.

The article focuses on the U.S Advanced Research Projects Agency's Foresight and Understanding from Scientific Exposition (FUSE) program to enable funders to decide winners and to help government monitor disruptive technologies that might threaten national security. The FUSE project has been designed to analyze languages available in patents and papers. Alan Porter of Georgia Institute of Technology in Georgia, states that retrospective examinations has been helpful in tracking product.

The author discusses the rise of regional research collaboration which is changing the balance of science worldwide. The author states that collaboration is a good practice, in which knowledge is better transferred and co-authored writings are cited more frequently. The author also mentions co-authorship as a valid alternative for collaboration that reflects tangible engagement between countries such as Germany and Great Britain as well as China and the U.S.

Discusses the lack of high-quality research papers published by scientists from China. Factors attributed to the trend; Comparison in the number of high-impact papers published by scientists from China and the United States; Solutions to the low number of productive biologists.

In this article, the authors discuss the impact of nanotechnology research spending on several countries. They state that the global public investment on nanotechnology's research and development (R&D) has reached 8.4 billion dollars in 2008 with 8.6 billion-dollar of corporate funding. They highlight the leading sponsors of such research including the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the U.S. National Science Foundation and the European Union (EU).

The author reflects on the assessment processes of the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) on the research conducted by Yoshihiro Kawaoka on the transmissibility of avian flu triggered by artificial genetic manipulation. He states that the NSABB recommend not to publish the methods and data of the said study on the "Nature Science" journal, however, the journal decided to publish it. Moreover, the three lessons learned from the process are cited.

The article focuses on the growing demand of lawmakers for greater public access to the literature. The demand is increasing in many fields like biomedicine. It is expected that the U.S. president Barack Obama will issue an executive order to make authors' or publishers' versions of research papers publicly available in the PubMed Central repository within 12 months of publication. It suggests that publishers should recognize that science's social contract is moving towards greater openness.

Comments on the efforts of the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush to address criticisms on the absence of programs related to problems of global climate change and the country's dependency on foreign oil. Announcement of plans to encourage private companies to set limits on their own carbon emissions; Inadequacy of the government's programs.

Reports the criticism on the biologists who tried to test the performance of a laboratory genetic analysis in the United States. Use of hair from a captive lynx as a blind control; Reaction of interest groups and congressional critics of US environmental-protection laws; Accusation of conspiring with environmental groups.

The article presents a discussion on issues related to scientific collaborations among researchers in the United States. The paper focuses on the agreement between biologist Paul Weldon and chemist Andrew Evans to confirm the compound content of the bovidic-acid samples, a suspected gaur's natural mosquito repellant. However, disagreement arose over who owned the samples. These consequences of failed collaboration is said to be a common conflict over biotechnology papers, publications, and data ownership. To avoid the problem, documented agreement at the start is suggested. Relevant questions to discuss before starting collaboration are also offered.

Social capital-the strength of an individual's social network and community-has been identified as a potential determinant of outcomes ranging from education to health 1-8 . However, efforts to understand what types of social capital matter for these outcomes have been hindered by a lack of social network data. Here, in the first of a pair of papers 9 , we use data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook to study social capital. We measure and analyse three types of social capital by ZIP (postal) code in the United States: (1) connectedness between different types of people, such as those with low versus high socioeconomic status (SES); (2) social cohesion, such as the extent of cliques in friendship networks; and (3) civic engagement, such as rates of volunteering. These measures vary substantially across areas, but are not highly correlated with each other. We demonstrate the importance of distinguishing these forms of social capital by analysing their associations with economic mobility across areas. The share of high-SES friends among individuals with low SES-which we term economic connectedness-is among the strongest predictors of upward income mobility identified to date 10,11 . Other social capital measures are not strongly associated with economic mobility. If children with low-SES parents were to grow up in counties with economic connectedness comparable to that of the average child with high-SES parents, their incomes in adulthood would increase by 20% on average. Differences in economic connectedness can explain well-known relationships between upward income mobility and racial segregation, poverty rates, and inequality 12-14 . To support further research and policy interventions, we publicly release privacy-protected statistics on social capital by ZIP code at https://www.socialcapital.org ., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Low levels of social interaction across class lines have generated widespread concern 1-4 and are associated with worse outcomes, such as lower rates of upward income mobility 4-7 . Here we analyse the determinants of cross-class interaction using data from Facebook, building on the analysis in our companion paper 7 . We show that about half of the social disconnection across socioeconomic lines-measured as the difference in the share of high-socioeconomic status (SES) friends between people with low and high SES-is explained by differences in exposure to people with high SES in groups such as schools and religious organizations. The other half is explained by friending bias-the tendency for people with low SES to befriend people with high SES at lower rates even conditional on exposure. Friending bias is shaped by the structure of the groups in which people interact. For example, friending bias is higher in larger and more diverse groups and lower in religious organizations than in schools and workplaces. Distinguishing exposure from friending bias is helpful for identifying interventions to increase cross-SES friendships (economic connectedness). Using fluctuations in the share of students with high SES across high school cohorts, we show that increases in high-SES exposure lead low-SES people to form more friendships with high-SES people in schools that exhibit low levels of friending bias. Thus, socioeconomic integration can increase economic connectedness in communities in which friending bias is low. By contrast, when friending bias is high, increasing cross-SES interactions among existing members may be necessary to increase economic connectedness. To support such efforts, we release privacy-protected statistics on economic connectedness, exposure and friending bias for each ZIP (postal) code, high school and college in the United States at https://www.socialcapital.org ., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The author discusses the press release from the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that the twin Voyager spacecraft are nearing the edge of the Solar System after 35 years since their launch. The author says that the handlers of the probes remain in near-daily contact as the spacecraft continues to send significant information, in particular Voyager 1's distance from the heliosphere. The author adds that the probes still have many years to complete its mission.