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Immunologist Federica Benvenuti investigates the guard dogs of the immune system while training young scientists from developing nations. Immunologist Federica Benvenuti investigates the guard dogs of the immune system while training young scientists from developing nations.

Analysing the DNA, RNA and protein of single cells is transforming our understanding of the immune system, say Amir Giladi and Ido Amit.

Single-cell genomic sequencing is poised to revolutionize fields from cancer to immunology.

Cutting-edge tools and analyses are digging deeper than ever before to unveil the intricacies of the diverse human immune system.

Alexander D. Gitlin and Michel C. Nussenzweig reflect on the discovery of two lineages of adaptive immune cells, and how it influenced vaccination, cancer therapy and the development of a class of antibody-based drugs.

Promising results in cancer immunotherapy offer growing opportunities — and challenges — in translational research.

Specialization has its place, but truly innovative advances in HIV research usually come from interdisciplinary efforts, reports Unmesh Kher.

Vaccines are no longer 'worthy but dull'. A heady mix of funding and breakthroughs is bringing this once-quiet area to life, says Virginia Gewin.

In a tough job market, immunologists are in demand. To move from academia to a biotechnology or drug company, researchers must explore the options and stay flexible.

Cancer vaccines have long shown lots of potential but few results. Signs of success now suggest opportunities.

Close links between courses and senior scientists are one key to career development in immunological fields. And better organization of careers advice is on the way.

Scientists seeking immunology posts are looking beyond the United States and scattering all over the globe. They are re-evaluating both the focus of their work and where they choose to pursue it, says Myrna Watanabe.

Researchers need to get past the standard model of vaccine development and focus on how immune responses are specifically tailored to retroviruses, argue Ruslan Medzhitov and Dan Littman.

If President George W. Bush's latest budget request is approved, basic immunology research in the United States will receive a shot in the arm. The plan, announced last week, would raise the budget at the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) by 57% to $4 billion, with the majority of this increase being directed at bioterrorism-related research. This is the single biggest non-defence item in Bush's bioterrorism proposal, which was prompted by the anthrax attacks that followed the 11 September hijackings and crashes.

IN a previous article1 evidence was reported supporting the hypothesis that at least two immune responses occur against larval taeniid tapeworms in the intermediate host; and that these responses can be elicited by a single parenteral injection of homologous activated embryos in previously unexposed animals. The initial response appears to occur before the penetration of the hexacanth embryo through the intestinal barrier, and the later response occurs at the site of election against the growing metacestode.