915 results on '"Brain physiology"'
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2. Placebo effect involves unexpected brain regions.
- Author
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Mogil JS
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Mice, Pain drug therapy, Pain physiopathology, Cerebellum physiology, Brain Stem physiology, Brain physiology, Placebo Effect, Neural Pathways
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Are brains rewired for caring during pregnancy? Why the jury's out.
- Author
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Humphreys KL and Kujawa A
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy physiology, Pregnancy psychology, Brain physiology, Uncertainty
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. How the human brain creates cognitive maps of related concepts.
- Author
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Ostrow M and Fiete I
- Subjects
- Humans, Learning physiology, Brain physiology, Cognition physiology, Concept Formation physiology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. How pregnancy transforms the brain to prepare it for parenthood.
- Author
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Drew L
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Humans, Neurosciences trends, Pregnancy physiology, Pregnancy psychology, Brain physiology, Mothers psychology, Parenting psychology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. A psychedelic state arises from desynchronized brain activity.
- Author
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Petridis PD
- Subjects
- Humans, Nerve Net drug effects, Brain drug effects, Brain metabolism, Brain physiology, Hallucinogens pharmacology, Psilocybin pharmacology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain.
- Author
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Siegel JS, Subramanian S, Perry D, Kay BP, Gordon EM, Laumann TO, Reneau TR, Metcalf NV, Chacko RV, Gratton C, Horan C, Krimmel SR, Shimony JS, Schweiger JA, Wong DF, Bender DA, Scheidter KM, Whiting FI, Padawer-Curry JA, Shinohara RT, Chen Y, Moser J, Yacoub E, Nelson SM, Vizioli L, Fair DA, Lenze EJ, Carhart-Harris R, Raison CL, Raichle ME, Snyder AZ, Nicol GE, and Dosenbach NUF
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Brain Mapping, Default Mode Network cytology, Default Mode Network diagnostic imaging, Default Mode Network drug effects, Default Mode Network physiology, Healthy Volunteers, Hippocampus cytology, Hippocampus diagnostic imaging, Hippocampus drug effects, Hippocampus physiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Methylphenidate pharmacology, Methylphenidate administration & dosage, Space Perception drug effects, Time Perception drug effects, Ego, Brain cytology, Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain drug effects, Brain physiology, Hallucinogens pharmacology, Hallucinogens administration & dosage, Nerve Net cytology, Nerve Net diagnostic imaging, Nerve Net drug effects, Nerve Net physiology, Psilocybin pharmacology, Psilocybin administration & dosage
- Abstract
A single dose of psilocybin, a psychedelic that acutely causes distortions of space-time perception and ego dissolution, produces rapid and persistent therapeutic effects in human clinical trials
1-4 . In animal models, psilocybin induces neuroplasticity in cortex and hippocampus5-8 . It remains unclear how human brain network changes relate to subjective and lasting effects of psychedelics. Here we tracked individual-specific brain changes with longitudinal precision functional mapping (roughly 18 magnetic resonance imaging visits per participant). Healthy adults were tracked before, during and for 3 weeks after high-dose psilocybin (25 mg) and methylphenidate (40 mg), and brought back for an additional psilocybin dose 6-12 months later. Psilocybin massively disrupted functional connectivity (FC) in cortex and subcortex, acutely causing more than threefold greater change than methylphenidate. These FC changes were driven by brain desynchronization across spatial scales (areal, global), which dissolved network distinctions by reducing correlations within and anticorrelations between networks. Psilocybin-driven FC changes were strongest in the default mode network, which is connected to the anterior hippocampus and is thought to create our sense of space, time and self. Individual differences in FC changes were strongly linked to the subjective psychedelic experience. Performing a perceptual task reduced psilocybin-driven FC changes. Psilocybin caused persistent decrease in FC between the anterior hippocampus and default mode network, lasting for weeks. Persistent reduction of hippocampal-default mode network connectivity may represent a neuroanatomical and mechanistic correlate of the proplasticity and therapeutic effects of psychedelics., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Your brain on shrooms - how psilocybin resets neural networks.
- Author
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Kozlov M
- Subjects
- Humans, Hallucinogens pharmacology, Brain cytology, Brain drug effects, Brain physiology, Nerve Net cytology, Nerve Net drug effects, Nerve Net physiology, Psilocybin pharmacology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Ultra-detailed brain map shows neurons that encode words' meaning.
- Author
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Reardon S
- Subjects
- Humans, Brain physiology, Brain cytology, Brain Mapping, Language, Neurons physiology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. These 3D model brains with cells from several people are first of their kind.
- Author
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Mullard A
- Subjects
- Humans, Models, Neurological, Brain cytology, Brain drug effects, Brain physiology, Chimera, Organoids cytology, Organoids drug effects, Organoids physiology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Language is primarily a tool for communication rather than thought.
- Author
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Fedorenko E, Piantadosi ST, and Gibson EAF
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Culture, Linguistics, Brain physiology, Cognition physiology, Communication, Language, Thinking physiology
- Abstract
Language is a defining characteristic of our species, but the function, or functions, that it serves has been debated for centuries. Here we bring recent evidence from neuroscience and allied disciplines to argue that in modern humans, language is a tool for communication, contrary to a prominent view that we use language for thinking. We begin by introducing the brain network that supports linguistic ability in humans. We then review evidence for a double dissociation between language and thought, and discuss several properties of language that suggest that it is optimized for communication. We conclude that although the emergence of language has unquestionably transformed human culture, language does not appear to be a prerequisite for complex thought, including symbolic thought. Instead, language is a powerful tool for the transmission of cultural knowledge; it plausibly co-evolved with our thinking and reasoning capacities, and only reflects, rather than gives rise to, the signature sophistication of human cognition., (© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Neurotechnologies that can read our mind could undermine international norms on freedom of thought.
- Author
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Bublitz C
- Subjects
- Humans, Brain physiology, Freedom, Human Rights Abuses legislation & jurisprudence, Human Rights Abuses prevention & control, International Cooperation legislation & jurisprudence, Neurosciences instrumentation, Neurosciences legislation & jurisprudence, Neurosciences trends, Technology instrumentation, Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Technology trends, Thinking physiology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Human neuroscience is entering a new era - it mustn't forget its human dimension.
- Subjects
- Humans, Artificial Intelligence trends, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Informed Consent ethics, Informed Consent legislation & jurisprudence, Informed Consent standards, Neurosciences ethics, Neurosciences methods, Neurosciences trends
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. How the 'mind's eye' calls up visual memories from the brain.
- Author
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Nowogrodzki J
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Macaca fascicularis, Brain physiology, Memory physiology, Visual Perception physiology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Large-scale neurophysiology and single-cell profiling in human neuroscience.
- Author
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Lee AT, Chang EF, Paredes MF, and Nowakowski TJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Neuropathology methods, Neuropathology trends, Single-Cell Gene Expression Analysis, Transcriptome, Workflow, Animals, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Neurophysiology methods, Neurophysiology trends, Neurosciences methods, Neurosciences trends, Single-Cell Analysis methods, Single-Cell Analysis trends
- Abstract
Advances in large-scale single-unit human neurophysiology, single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and long-term ex vivo tissue culture of surgically resected human brain tissue have provided an unprecedented opportunity to study human neuroscience. In this Perspective, we describe the development of these paradigms, including Neuropixels and recent brain-cell atlas efforts, and discuss how their convergence will further investigations into the cellular underpinnings of network-level activity in the human brain. Specifically, we introduce a workflow in which functionally mapped samples of human brain tissue resected during awake brain surgery can be cultured ex vivo for multi-modal cellular and functional profiling. We then explore how advances in human neuroscience will affect clinical practice, and conclude by discussing societal and ethical implications to consider. Potential findings from the field of human neuroscience will be vast, ranging from insights into human neurodiversity and evolution to providing cell-type-specific access to study and manipulate diseased circuits in pathology. This Perspective aims to provide a unifying framework for the field of human neuroscience as we welcome an exciting era for understanding the functional cytoarchitecture of the human brain., (© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. A molecular and cellular perspective on human brain evolution and tempo.
- Author
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Lindhout FW, Krienen FM, Pollard KS, and Lancaster MA
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Neural Stem Cells cytology, Neural Stem Cells metabolism, Neurogenesis, Time Factors, Neurons cytology, Neurons physiology, Single-Cell Analysis, Gene Regulatory Networks, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Brain growth & development, Biological Evolution
- Abstract
The evolution of the modern human brain was accompanied by distinct molecular and cellular specializations, which underpin our diverse cognitive abilities but also increase our susceptibility to neurological diseases. These features, some specific to humans and others shared with related species, manifest during different stages of brain development. In this multi-stage process, neural stem cells proliferate to produce a large and diverse progenitor pool, giving rise to excitatory or inhibitory neurons that integrate into circuits during further maturation. This process unfolds over varying time scales across species and has progressively become slower in the human lineage, with differences in tempo correlating with differences in brain size, cell number and diversity, and connectivity. Here we introduce the terms 'bradychrony' and 'tachycrony' to describe slowed and accelerated developmental tempos, respectively. We review how recent technical advances across disciplines, including advanced engineering of in vitro models, functional comparative genetics and high-throughput single-cell profiling, are leading to a deeper understanding of how specializations of the human brain arise during bradychronic neurodevelopment. Emerging insights point to a central role for genetics, gene-regulatory networks, cellular innovations and developmental tempo, which together contribute to the establishment of human specializations during various stages of neurodevelopment and at different points in evolution., (© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Injectable ultrasonic sensor for wireless monitoring of intracranial signals.
- Author
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Tang H, Yang Y, Liu Z, Li W, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Kang T, Yu Y, Li N, Tian Y, Liu X, Cheng Y, Yin Z, Jiang X, Chen X, and Zang J
- Subjects
- Animals, Male, Rats, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Injections instrumentation, Intracranial Pressure, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Swine, Miniature, Temperature, Time Factors, Brain physiology, Hydrogels chemistry, Monitoring, Physiologic instrumentation, Monitoring, Physiologic methods, Ultrasonic Waves, Wireless Technology instrumentation, Absorbable Implants
- Abstract
Direct and precise monitoring of intracranial physiology holds immense importance in delineating injuries, prognostication and averting disease
1 . Wired clinical instruments that use percutaneous leads are accurate but are susceptible to infection, patient mobility constraints and potential surgical complications during removal2 . Wireless implantable devices provide greater operational freedom but include issues such as limited detection range, poor degradation and difficulty in size reduction in the human body3 . Here we present an injectable, bioresorbable and wireless metastructured hydrogel (metagel) sensor for ultrasonic monitoring of intracranial signals. The metagel sensors are cubes 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 in size that encompass both biodegradable and stimulus-responsive hydrogels and periodically aligned air columns with a specific acoustic reflection spectrum. Implanted into intracranial space with a puncture needle, the metagel deforms in response to physiological environmental changes, causing peak frequency shifts of reflected ultrasound waves that can be wirelessly measured by an external ultrasound probe. The metagel sensor can independently detect intracranial pressure, temperature, pH and flow rate, realize a detection depth of 10 cm and almost fully degrade within 18 weeks. Animal experiments on rats and pigs indicate promising multiparametric sensing performances on a par with conventional non-resorbable wired clinical benchmarks., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Descending networks transform command signals into population motor control.
- Author
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Braun J, Hurtak F, Wang-Chen S, and Ramdya P
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Behavior, Animal physiology, Movement physiology, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Connectome, Drosophila melanogaster cytology, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Motor Neurons physiology, Nerve Net physiology
- Abstract
To convert intentions into actions, movement instructions must pass from the brain to downstream motor circuits through descending neurons (DNs). These include small sets of command-like neurons that are sufficient to drive behaviours
1 -the circuit mechanisms for which remain unclear. Here we show that command-like DNs in Drosophila directly recruit networks of additional DNs to orchestrate behaviours that require the active control of numerous body parts. Specifically, we found that command-like DNs previously thought to drive behaviours alone2-4 in fact co-activate larger populations of DNs. Connectome analyses and experimental manipulations revealed that this functional recruitment can be explained by direct excitatory connections between command-like DNs and networks of interconnected DNs in the brain. Descending population recruitment is necessary for behavioural control: DNs with many downstream descending partners require network co-activation to drive complete behaviours and drive only simple stereotyped movements in their absence. These DN networks reside within behaviour-specific clusters that inhibit one another. These results support a mechanism for command-like descending control in which behaviours are generated through the recruitment of increasingly large DN networks that compose behaviours by combining multiple motor subroutines., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Dual-action obesity drug rewires brain circuits for appetite.
- Author
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Cook TM and Sandoval D
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Mice, Anti-Obesity Agents pharmacology, Brain drug effects, Brain physiology, Modafinil pharmacology, Modafinil therapeutic use, Neural Pathways drug effects, Appetite drug effects, Obesity drug therapy
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Mapping model units to visual neurons reveals population code for social behaviour.
- Author
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Cowley BR, Calhoun AJ, Rangarajan N, Ireland E, Turner MH, Pillow JW, and Murthy M
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Nerve Net cytology, Nerve Net physiology, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Drosophila melanogaster cytology, Models, Neurological, Neurons classification, Neurons cytology, Neurons physiology, Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian cytology, Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian physiology, Social Behavior, Visual Perception physiology, Brain cytology, Brain physiology
- Abstract
The rich variety of behaviours observed in animals arises through the interplay between sensory processing and motor control. To understand these sensorimotor transformations, it is useful to build models that predict not only neural responses to sensory input
1-5 but also how each neuron causally contributes to behaviour6,7 . Here we demonstrate a novel modelling approach to identify a one-to-one mapping between internal units in a deep neural network and real neurons by predicting the behavioural changes that arise from systematic perturbations of more than a dozen neuronal cell types. A key ingredient that we introduce is 'knockout training', which involves perturbing the network during training to match the perturbations of the real neurons during behavioural experiments. We apply this approach to model the sensorimotor transformations of Drosophila melanogaster males during a complex, visually guided social behaviour8-11 . The visual projection neurons at the interface between the optic lobe and central brain form a set of discrete channels12 , and prior work indicates that each channel encodes a specific visual feature to drive a particular behaviour13,14 . Our model reaches a different conclusion: combinations of visual projection neurons, including those involved in non-social behaviours, drive male interactions with the female, forming a rich population code for behaviour. Overall, our framework consolidates behavioural effects elicited from various neural perturbations into a single, unified model, providing a map from stimulus to neuronal cell type to behaviour, and enabling future incorporation of wiring diagrams of the brain15 into the model., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
21. First 'bilingual' brain-reading device decodes Spanish and English words.
- Author
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Heidt A
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, England, Spain, Artificial Intelligence, Brain physiology, Multilingualism, Prostheses and Implants, Speech physiology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Transcranial volumetric imaging using a conformal ultrasound patch.
- Author
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Zhou S, Gao X, Park G, Yang X, Qi B, Lin M, Huang H, Bian Y, Hu H, Chen X, Wu RS, Liu B, Yue W, Lu C, Wang R, Bheemreddy P, Qin S, Lam A, Wear KA, Andre M, Kistler EB, Newell DW, and Xu S
- Subjects
- Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional instrumentation, Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods, Medical Errors, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Skin, Skull, Sleepiness physiology, Adult, Blood Flow Velocity physiology, Brain blood supply, Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain physiology, Cerebrovascular Circulation physiology, Ultrasonography instrumentation, Ultrasonography methods
- Abstract
Accurate and continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow is valuable for clinical neurocritical care and fundamental neurovascular research. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is a widely used non-invasive method for evaluating cerebral blood flow
1 , but the conventional rigid design severely limits the measurement accuracy of the complex three-dimensional (3D) vascular networks and the practicality for prolonged recording2 . Here we report a conformal ultrasound patch for hands-free volumetric imaging and continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow. The 2 MHz ultrasound waves reduce the attenuation and phase aberration caused by the skull, and the copper mesh shielding layer provides conformal contact to the skin while improving the signal-to-noise ratio by 5 dB. Ultrafast ultrasound imaging based on diverging waves can accurately render the circle of Willis in 3D and minimize human errors during examinations. Focused ultrasound waves allow the recording of blood flow spectra at selected locations continuously. The high accuracy of the conformal ultrasound patch was confirmed in comparison with a conventional TCD probe on 36 participants, showing a mean difference and standard deviation of difference as -1.51 ± 4.34 cm s-1 , -0.84 ± 3.06 cm s-1 and -0.50 ± 2.55 cm s-1 for peak systolic velocity, mean flow velocity, and end diastolic velocity, respectively. The measurement success rate was 70.6%, compared with 75.3% for a conventional TCD probe. Furthermore, we demonstrate continuous blood flow spectra during different interventions and identify cascades of intracranial B waves during drowsiness within 4 h of recording., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
23. Parental-care puzzle in mice solved by thinking outside the brain.
- Author
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Tollkuhn J
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Female, Male, Maternal Behavior physiology, Humans, Paternal Behavior physiology, Brain physiology, Brain metabolism
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Neural signatures of natural behaviour in socializing macaques.
- Author
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Testard C, Tremblay S, Parodi F, DiTullio RW, Acevedo-Ithier A, Gardiner KL, Kording K, and Platt ML
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Aggression physiology, Empathy, Grooming, Group Processes, Prefrontal Cortex cytology, Prefrontal Cortex physiology, Temporal Lobe cytology, Temporal Lobe physiology, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Macaca mulatta classification, Macaca mulatta physiology, Macaca mulatta psychology, Social Behavior, Neurons physiology
- Abstract
Our understanding of the neurobiology of primate behaviour largely derives from artificial tasks in highly controlled laboratory settings, overlooking most natural behaviours that primate brains evolved to produce
1-3 . How primates navigate the multidimensional social relationships that structure daily life4 and shape survival and reproductive success5 remains largely unclear at the single-neuron level. Here we combine ethological analysis, computer vision and wireless recording technologies to identify neural signatures of natural behaviour in unrestrained, socially interacting pairs of rhesus macaques. Single-neuron and population activity in the prefrontal and temporal cortex robustly encoded 24 species-typical behaviours, as well as social context. Male-female partners demonstrated near-perfect reciprocity in grooming, a key behavioural mechanism supporting friendships and alliances6 , and neural activity maintained a running account of these social investments. Confronted with an aggressive intruder, behavioural and neural population responses reflected empathy and were buffered by the presence of a partner. Our findings reveal a highly distributed neurophysiological ledger of social dynamics, a potential computational foundation supporting communal life in primate societies, including our own., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Right- or left-handed? Protein in embryo cells might help decide.
- Author
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Kulkarni S
- Subjects
- Humans, Functional Laterality genetics, Brain embryology, Brain physiology, Hand physiology, Tubulin genetics
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. A milestone map of mouse-brain connectivity reveals challenging new terrain for scientists.
- Author
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Eisenstein M
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Brain anatomy & histology, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Connectome trends
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Mind-reading devices are revealing the brain's secrets.
- Author
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Naddaf M
- Subjects
- Humans, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Neurosciences instrumentation, Neurosciences methods, Neurosciences trends, Prostheses and Implants
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Transforming a head direction signal into a goal-oriented steering command.
- Author
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Westeinde EA, Kellogg E, Dawson PM, Lu J, Hamburg L, Midler B, Druckmann S, and Wilson RI
- Subjects
- Animals, Connectome, Locomotion physiology, Time Factors, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Drosophila melanogaster cytology, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Goals, Head physiology, Neurons classification, Neurons physiology, Orientation, Spatial physiology, Spatial Navigation physiology
- Abstract
To navigate, we must continuously estimate the direction we are headed in, and we must correct deviations from our goal
1 . Direction estimation is accomplished by ring attractor networks in the head direction system2,3 . However, we do not fully understand how the sense of direction is used to guide action. Drosophila connectome analyses4,5 reveal three cell populations (PFL3R, PFL3L and PFL2) that connect the head direction system to the locomotor system. Here we use imaging, electrophysiology and chemogenetic stimulation during navigation to show how these populations function. Each population receives a shifted copy of the head direction vector, such that their three reference frames are shifted approximately 120° relative to each other. Each cell type then compares its own head direction vector with a common goal vector; specifically, it evaluates the congruence of these vectors via a nonlinear transformation. The output of all three cell populations is then combined to generate locomotor commands. PFL3R cells are recruited when the fly is oriented to the left of its goal, and their activity drives rightward turning; the reverse is true for PFL3L. Meanwhile, PFL2 cells increase steering speed, and are recruited when the fly is oriented far from its goal. PFL2 cells adaptively increase the strength of steering as directional error increases, effectively managing the tradeoff between speed and accuracy. Together, our results show how a map of space in the brain can be combined with an internal goal to generate action commands, via a transformation from world-centric coordinates to body-centric coordinates., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Converting an allocentric goal into an egocentric steering signal.
- Author
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Mussells Pires P, Zhang L, Parache V, Abbott LF, and Maimon G
- Subjects
- Animals, Action Potentials, Locomotion, Neurons metabolism, Optogenetics, Space Perception physiology, Spatial Memory physiology, Synaptic Transmission, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Drosophila melanogaster cytology, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Goals, Head physiology, Neural Pathways, Orientation, Spatial physiology, Spatial Navigation physiology
- Abstract
Neuronal signals that are relevant for spatial navigation have been described in many species
1-10 . However, a circuit-level understanding of how such signals interact to guide navigational behaviour is lacking. Here we characterize a neuronal circuit in the Drosophila central complex that compares internally generated estimates of the heading and goal angles of the fly-both of which are encoded in world-centred (allocentric) coordinates-to generate a body-centred (egocentric) steering signal. Past work has suggested that the activity of EPG neurons represents the fly's moment-to-moment angular orientation, or heading angle, during navigation2,11 . An animal's moment-to-moment heading angle, however, is not always aligned with its goal angle-that is, the allocentric direction in which it wishes to progress forward. We describe FC2 cells12 , a second set of neurons in the Drosophila brain with activity that correlates with the fly's goal angle. Focal optogenetic activation of FC2 neurons induces flies to orient along experimenter-defined directions as they walk forward. EPG and FC2 neurons connect monosynaptically to a third neuronal class, PFL3 cells12,13 . We found that individual PFL3 cells show conjunctive, spike-rate tuning to both the heading angle and the goal angle during goal-directed navigation. Informed by the anatomy and physiology of these three cell classes, we develop a model that explains how this circuit compares allocentric heading and goal angles to build an egocentric steering signal in the PFL3 output terminals. Quantitative analyses and optogenetic manipulations of PFL3 activity support the model. Finally, using a new navigational memory task, we show that flies expressing disruptors of synaptic transmission in subsets of PFL3 cells have a reduced ability to orient along arbitrary goal directions, with an effect size in quantitative accordance with the prediction of our model. The biological circuit described here reveals how two population-level allocentric signals are compared in the brain to produce an egocentric output signal that is appropriate for motor control., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The consciousness wars: can scientists ever agree on how the mind works?
- Author
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Lenharo M
- Subjects
- Humans, Brain physiology, Consciousness physiology, Dissent and Disputes, Models, Neurological, Research Personnel
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Functional neuroimaging as a catalyst for integrated neuroscience.
- Author
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Finn ES, Poldrack RA, and Shine JM
- Subjects
- Humans, Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain physiology, Brain physiopathology, Cognitive Neuroscience methods, Cognitive Neuroscience trends, Phenotype, Functional Neuroimaging trends, Neurosciences methods, Neurosciences trends, Magnetic Resonance Imaging trends
- Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables non-invasive access to the awake, behaving human brain. By tracking whole-brain signals across a diverse range of cognitive and behavioural states or mapping differences associated with specific traits or clinical conditions, fMRI has advanced our understanding of brain function and its links to both normal and atypical behaviour. Despite this headway, progress in human cognitive neuroscience that uses fMRI has been relatively isolated from rapid advances in other subdomains of neuroscience, which themselves are also somewhat siloed from one another. In this Perspective, we argue that fMRI is well-placed to integrate the diverse subfields of systems, cognitive, computational and clinical neuroscience. We first summarize the strengths and weaknesses of fMRI as an imaging tool, then highlight examples of studies that have successfully used fMRI in each subdomain of neuroscience. We then provide a roadmap for the future advances that will be needed to realize this integrative vision. In this way, we hope to demonstrate how fMRI can help usher in a new era of interdisciplinary coherence in neuroscience., (© 2023. Crown.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Only 0.5% of neuroscience studies look at women's health. Here's how to change that.
- Author
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Jacobs EG
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Brain physiology, Adolescent, Young Adult, Adult, Middle Aged, Women's Health statistics & numerical data, Women's Health trends, Neurosciences methods, Neurosciences statistics & numerical data, Neurosciences trends
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Brain and body are more intertwined than we knew.
- Subjects
- Humans, Brain-Gut Axis physiology, Brain physiology, Brain physiopathology, Disease etiology
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. How AI could lead to a better understanding of the brain.
- Author
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Jain V
- Subjects
- Neural Networks, Computer, Machine Learning, Nerve Net cytology, Nerve Net physiology, Artificial Intelligence trends, Brain cytology, Brain physiology
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Dopaminergic error signals retune to social feedback during courtship.
- Author
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Roeser A, Gadagkar V, Das A, Puzerey PA, Kardon B, and Goldberg JH
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Vocalization, Animal physiology, Water, Drinking physiology, Thirst physiology, Electrophysiology, Communication, Reward, Courtship, Dopamine metabolism, Finches physiology, Feedback, Physiological physiology, Dopaminergic Neurons metabolism, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Feedback, Psychological physiology
- Abstract
Hunger, thirst, loneliness and ambition determine the reward value of food, water, social interaction and performance outcome
1 . Dopamine neurons respond to rewards meeting these diverse needs2-8 , but it remains unclear how behaviour and dopamine signals change as priorities change with new opportunities in the environment. One possibility is that dopamine signals for distinct drives are routed to distinct dopamine pathways9,10 . Another possibility is that dopamine signals in a given pathway are dynamically tuned to rewards set by the current priority. Here we used electrophysiology and fibre photometry to test how dopamine signals associated with quenching thirst, singing a good song and courting a mate change as male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) were provided with opportunities to retrieve water, evaluate song performance or court a female. When alone, water reward signals were observed in two mesostriatal pathways but singing-related performance error signals were routed to Area X, a striatal nucleus specialized for singing. When courting a female, water seeking was reduced and dopamine responses to both water and song performance outcomes diminished. Instead, dopamine signals in Area X were driven by female calls timed with the courtship song. Thus the dopamine system handled coexisting drives by routing vocal performance and social feedback signals to a striatal area for communication and by flexibly re-tuning to rewards set by the prioritized drive., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The rise of brain-reading technology: what you need to know.
- Author
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Drew L
- Subjects
- Monitoring, Physiologic instrumentation, Monitoring, Physiologic methods, Monitoring, Physiologic trends, Prostheses and Implants, Humans, Brain physiology, Thinking physiology, Brain-Computer Interfaces trends
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Neural landscape diffusion resolves conflicts between needs across time.
- Author
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Richman EB, Ticea N, Allen WE, Deisseroth K, and Luo L
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Food, Goals, Optogenetics, Reward, Stochastic Processes, Time Factors, Water, Models, Neurological, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Choice Behavior physiology, Hunger physiology, Neurons physiology, Thirst physiology
- Abstract
Animals perform flexible goal-directed behaviours to satisfy their basic physiological needs
1-12 . However, little is known about how unitary behaviours are chosen under conflicting needs. Here we reveal principles by which the brain resolves such conflicts between needs across time. We developed an experimental paradigm in which a hungry and thirsty mouse is given free choices between equidistant food and water. We found that mice collect need-appropriate rewards by structuring their choices into persistent bouts with stochastic transitions. High-density electrophysiological recordings during this behaviour revealed distributed single neuron and neuronal population correlates of a persistent internal goal state guiding future choices of the mouse. We captured these phenomena with a mathematical model describing a global need state that noisily diffuses across a shifting energy landscape. Model simulations successfully predicted behavioural and neural data, including population neural dynamics before choice transitions and in response to optogenetic thirst stimulation. These results provide a general framework for resolving conflicts between needs across time, rooted in the emergent properties of need-dependent state persistence and noise-driven shifts between behavioural goals., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Flexible circuit mechanisms for context-dependent song sequencing.
- Author
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Roemschied FA, Pacheco DA, Aragon MJ, Ireland EC, Li X, Thieringer K, Pang R, and Murthy M
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Drosophila melanogaster cytology, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Neural Pathways physiology, Neurons physiology, Psychomotor Performance, Vocalization, Animal physiology
- Abstract
Sequenced behaviours, including locomotion, reaching and vocalization, are patterned differently in different contexts, enabling animals to adjust to their environments. How contextual information shapes neural activity to flexibly alter the patterning of actions is not fully understood. Previous work has indicated that this could be achieved via parallel motor circuits, with differing sensitivities to context
1,2 . Here we demonstrate that a single pathway operates in two regimes dependent on recent sensory history. We leverage the Drosophila song production system3 to investigate the role of several neuron types4-7 in song patterning near versus far from the female fly. Male flies sing 'simple' trains of only one mode far from the female fly but complex song sequences comprising alternations between modes when near her. We find that ventral nerve cord (VNC) circuits are shaped by mutual inhibition and rebound excitability8 between nodes driving the two song modes. Brief sensory input to a direct brain-to-VNC excitatory pathway drives simple song far from the female, whereas prolonged input enables complex song production via simultaneous recruitment of functional disinhibition of VNC circuitry. Thus, female proximity unlocks motor circuit dynamics in the correct context. We construct a compact circuit model to demonstrate that the identified mechanisms suffice to replicate natural song dynamics. These results highlight how canonical circuit motifs8,9 can be combined to enable circuit flexibility required for dynamic communication., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Older mouse brains rejuvenated by protein found in young blood.
- Author
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Sidik SM
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Age Factors, Blood Platelets metabolism, Geroscience, Brain physiology, Aging blood, Aging metabolism, Rejuvenation physiology, Blood Proteins metabolism
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Brain-reading devices allow paralysed people to talk using their thoughts.
- Author
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Naddaf M
- Subjects
- Humans, Brain physiology, Communication Aids for Disabled, Facial Muscles physiopathology, Paralysis physiopathology, Paralysis rehabilitation, Prosthesis Design, Speech, Thinking physiology
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. A microscale soft ionic power source modulates neuronal network activity.
- Author
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Zhang Y, Riexinger J, Yang X, Mikhailova E, Jin Y, Zhou L, and Bayley H
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Electrons, Hydrogels chemistry, Eels, Nerve Net physiology, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Microchemistry, Electronics, Ions analysis, Ions metabolism, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Biomimetic Materials, Biocompatible Materials, Electric Conductivity
- Abstract
Bio-integrated devices need power sources to operate
1,2 . Despite widely used technologies that can provide power to large-scale targets, such as wired energy supplies from batteries or wireless energy transduction3 , a need to efficiently stimulate cells and tissues on the microscale is still pressing. The ideal miniaturized power source should be biocompatible, mechanically flexible and able to generate an ionic current for biological stimulation, instead of using electron flow as in conventional electronic devices4-6 . One approach is to use soft power sources inspired by the electrical eel7,8 ; however, power sources that combine the required capabilities have not yet been produced, because it is challenging to obtain miniaturized units that both conserve contained energy before usage and are easily triggered to produce an energy output. Here we develop a miniaturized soft power source by depositing lipid-supported networks of nanolitre hydrogel droplets that use internal ion gradients to generate energy. Compared to the original eel-inspired design7 , our approach can shrink the volume of a power unit by more than 105 -fold and it can store energy for longer than 24 h, enabling operation on-demand with a 680-fold greater power density of about 1,300 W m-3 . Our droplet device can serve as a biocompatible and biological ionic current source to modulate neuronal network activity in three-dimensional neural microtissues and in ex vivo mouse brain slices. Ultimately, our soft microscale ionotronic device might be integrated into living organisms., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. What does 'brain dead' really mean? The battle over how science defines the end of life.
- Author
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Kozlov M
- Subjects
- Humans, Organ Transplantation legislation & jurisprudence, United States, Brain physiology, Death, Science, Terminology as Topic
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Decades-long bet on consciousness ends - and it's philosopher 1, neuroscientist 0.
- Author
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Lenharo M
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Brain physiology, Consciousness physiology, Neurosciences history, Neurosciences trends, Philosophy history, Research Personnel
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Lab mice go wild: making experiments more natural in order to decode the brain.
- Author
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Smith K
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Artifacts, Brain physiology, Animals, Laboratory physiology, Behavior, Animal physiology, Neurosciences methods, Animals, Wild physiology
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Mum's microbes might boost brain development of c-section babies.
- Author
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Callaway E
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Brain growth & development, Brain physiology, Cesarean Section, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects microbiology
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain-spine interface.
- Author
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Lorach H, Galvez A, Spagnolo V, Martel F, Karakas S, Intering N, Vat M, Faivre O, Harte C, Komi S, Ravier J, Collin T, Coquoz L, Sakr I, Baaklini E, Hernandez-Charpak SD, Dumont G, Buschman R, Buse N, Denison T, van Nes I, Asboth L, Watrin A, Struber L, Sauter-Starace F, Langar L, Auboiroux V, Carda S, Chabardes S, Aksenova T, Demesmaeker R, Charvet G, Bloch J, and Courtine G
- Subjects
- Humans, Quadriplegia etiology, Quadriplegia rehabilitation, Quadriplegia therapy, Reproducibility of Results, Leg physiology, Male, Brain physiology, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Electric Stimulation Therapy instrumentation, Electric Stimulation Therapy methods, Spinal Cord physiology, Spinal Cord Injuries complications, Spinal Cord Injuries rehabilitation, Spinal Cord Injuries therapy, Walking physiology, Neurological Rehabilitation instrumentation, Neurological Rehabilitation methods
- Abstract
A spinal cord injury interrupts the communication between the brain and the region of the spinal cord that produces walking, leading to paralysis
1,2 . Here, we restored this communication with a digital bridge between the brain and spinal cord that enabled an individual with chronic tetraplegia to stand and walk naturally in community settings. This brain-spine interface (BSI) consists of fully implanted recording and stimulation systems that establish a direct link between cortical signals3 and the analogue modulation of epidural electrical stimulation targeting the spinal cord regions involved in the production of walking4-6 . A highly reliable BSI is calibrated within a few minutes. This reliability has remained stable over one year, including during independent use at home. The participant reports that the BSI enables natural control over the movements of his legs to stand, walk, climb stairs and even traverse complex terrains. Moreover, neurorehabilitation supported by the BSI improved neurological recovery. The participant regained the ability to walk with crutches overground even when the BSI was switched off. This digital bridge establishes a framework to restore natural control of movement after paralysis., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. The human brain's characteristic wrinkles help to drive how it works.
- Author
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Castelvecchi D
- Subjects
- Humans, Connectome, Neural Pathways, Brain anatomy & histology, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Models, Anatomic
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Brain-spine interface allows paralysed man to walk using his thoughts.
- Author
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Lewis D
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Brain physiology, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Paralysis etiology, Paralysis rehabilitation, Paralysis therapy, Spinal Cord physiology, Spinal Cord Injuries complications, Spinal Cord Injuries rehabilitation, Spinal Cord Injuries therapy, Thinking physiology, Walking
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Chronic stress can inflame the gut - now scientists know why.
- Author
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Sidik S
- Subjects
- Humans, Brain physiology, Inflammation etiology, Inflammation physiopathology, Intestines innervation, Intestines metabolism, Stress, Psychological complications, Stress, Psychological physiopathology
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Geometric constraints on human brain function.
- Author
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Pang JC, Aquino KM, Oldehinkel M, Robinson PA, Fulcher BD, Breakspear M, and Fornito A
- Subjects
- Humans, Axons physiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurons physiology, Brain anatomy & histology, Brain cytology, Brain physiology, Brain Mapping
- Abstract
The anatomy of the brain necessarily constrains its function, but precisely how remains unclear. The classical and dominant paradigm in neuroscience is that neuronal dynamics are driven by interactions between discrete, functionally specialized cell populations connected by a complex array of axonal fibres
1-3 . However, predictions from neural field theory, an established mathematical framework for modelling large-scale brain activity4-6 , suggest that the geometry of the brain may represent a more fundamental constraint on dynamics than complex interregional connectivity7,8 . Here, we confirm these theoretical predictions by analysing human magnetic resonance imaging data acquired under spontaneous and diverse task-evoked conditions. Specifically, we show that cortical and subcortical activity can be parsimoniously understood as resulting from excitations of fundamental, resonant modes of the brain's geometry (that is, its shape) rather than from modes of complex interregional connectivity, as classically assumed. We then use these geometric modes to show that task-evoked activations across over 10,000 brain maps are not confined to focal areas, as widely believed, but instead excite brain-wide modes with wavelengths spanning over 60 mm. Finally, we confirm predictions that the close link between geometry and function is explained by a dominant role for wave-like activity, showing that wave dynamics can reproduce numerous canonical spatiotemporal properties of spontaneous and evoked recordings. Our findings challenge prevailing views and identify a previously underappreciated role of geometry in shaping function, as predicted by a unifying and physically principled model of brain-wide dynamics., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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