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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which convert electricity to light, are widely used in modern society--for example, in lighting, flat-panel displays, medical devices and many other situations. Generally, the efficiency of LEDs is limited by nonradiative recombination (whereby charge carriers recombine without releasing photons) and light trapping.sup.1-3. In planar LEDs, such as organic LEDs, around 70 to 80 per cent of the light generated from the emitters is trapped in the device.sup.4,5, leaving considerable opportunity for improvements in efficiency. Many methods, including the use of diffraction gratings, low-index grids and buckling patterns, have been used to extract the light trapped in LEDs.sup.6-9. However, these methods usually involve complicated fabrication processes and can distort the light-output spectrum and directionality.sup.6,7. Here we demonstrate efficient and high-brightness electroluminescence from solution-processed perovskites that spontaneously form submicrometre-scale structures, which can efficiently extract light from the device and retain wavelength- and viewing-angle-independent electroluminescence. These perovskites are formed simply by introducing amino-acid additives into the perovskite precursor solutions. Moreover, the additives can effectively passivate perovskite surface defects and reduce nonradiative recombination. Perovskite LEDs with a peak external quantum efficiency of 20.7 per cent (at a current density of 18 milliamperes per square centimetre) and an energy-conversion efficiency of 12 per cent (at a high current density of 100 milliamperes per square centimetre) can be achieved--values that approach those of the best-performing organic LEDs.The formation of submicrometre-scale structure in perovskite light-emitting diodes can raise their external quantum efficiency beyond 20%, suggesting the possibility of both high efficiency and high brightness., Author(s): Yu Cao [sup.1] , Nana Wang [sup.1] , He Tian [sup.2] , Jingshu Guo [sup.3] , Yingqiang Wei [sup.1] , Hong Chen [sup.1] , Yanfeng Miao [sup.1] , Wei [...]

Silver nanoparticles are susceptible to oxidation and have accordingly received less attention than gold nanoparticles; ultrastable silver nanoparticles are now reported, which can be produced in very large quantities as a single-sized molecular product, and the origins of their enhanced stability are elucidated using a single-crystal X-ray structure and first-principles calculations. Silver nanoparticles as good as gold Noble metals in nanoparticulate form find practical application as catalysts and in optoelectronics, energy conservation and many other fields. Gold nanoparticles, stable and easy to use, have proved much more useful and so have been studied more extensively than silver nanoparticles, which tend to be susceptible to oxidation. Anil Desireddy et al. describe a simple recipe for the large-scale production of single-sized silver nanoclusters, whose electronic structure gives them exceptional chemical stability. With the availability of stable silver nanoparticles, the metal's desirable electrical and physical properties, abundance and comparatively low cost could be harnessed in a wealth of new applications. Noble-metal nanoparticles have had a substantial impact across a diverse range of fields, including catalysis.sup.1, sensing.sup.2, photochemistry.sup.3, optoelectronics.sup.4,5, energy conversion.sup.6 and medicine.sup.7. Although silver has very desirable physical properties, good relative abundance and low cost, gold nanoparticles have been widely favoured owing to their proved stability and ease of use. Unlike gold, silver is notorious for its susceptibility to oxidation (tarnishing), which has limited the development of important silver-based nanomaterials. Despite two decades of synthetic efforts, silver nanoparticles that are inert or have long-term stability remain unrealized. Here we report a simple synthetic protocol for producing ultrastable silver nanoparticles, yielding a single-sized molecular product in very large quantities with quantitative yield and without the need for size sorting. The stability, purity and yield are substantially better than those for other metal nanoparticles, including gold, owing to an effective stabilization mechanism. The particular size and stoichiometry of the product were found to be insensitive to variations in synthesis parameters. The chemical stability and structural, electronic and optical properties can be understood using first-principles electronic structure theory based on an experimental single-crystal X-ray structure. Although several structures have been determined for protected gold nanoclusters.sup.8,9,10,11,12, none has been reported so far for silver nanoparticles. The total structure of a thiolate-protected silver nanocluster reported here uncovers the unique structure of the silver thiolate protecting layer, consisting of Ag.sub.2S.sub.5 capping structures. The outstanding stability of the nanoparticle is attributed to a closed-shell 18-electron configuration with a large energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, an ultrastable 32-silver-atom excavated-dodecahedral.sup.13 core consisting of a hollow 12-silver-atom icosahedron encapsulated by a 20-silver-atom dodecahedron, and the choice of protective coordinating ligands. The straightforward synthesis of large quantities of pure molecular product promises to make this class of materials widely available for further research and technology development.sup.14,15,16,17,18., Author(s): Anil Desireddy [sup.1] , Brian E. Conn [sup.1] , Jingshu Guo [sup.1] , Bokwon Yoon [sup.2] , Robert N. Barnett [sup.2] , Bradley M. Monahan [sup.1] , Kristin Kirschbaum [...]