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Educational attainment for women of reproductive age is linked to reduced child and maternal mortality, lower fertility and improved reproductive health. Comparable analyses of attainment exist only at the national level, potentially obscuring patterns in subnational inequality. Evidence suggests that wide disparities between urban and rural populations exist, raising questions about where the majority of progress towards the education targets of the Sustainable Development Goals is occurring in African countries. Here we explore within-country inequalities by predicting years of schooling across five by five kilometre grids, generating estimates of average educational attainment by age and sex at subnational levels. Despite marked progress in attainment from 2000 to 2015 across Africa, substantial differences persist between locations and sexes. These differences have widened in many countries, particularly across the Sahel. These high-resolution, comparable estimates improve the ability of decision-makers to plan the precisely targeted interventions that will be necessary to deliver progress during the era of the Sustainable Development Goals., Author(s): Nicholas Graetz [1]; Joseph Friedman [1]; Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman [1]; Roy Burstein [1]; Molly H. Biehl [1]; Chloe Shields [1]; Jonathan F. Mosser [1]; Daniel C. Casey [1]; Aniruddha Deshpande [...]

The article discusses about management of GreatBarrier Reef Marine Park as it is endangered and is being visited by conservationists. Topics include protests over port expansion that would have discarded drudge waste in the park boundaries and United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO) assessing if the park should be included in the List of World Heritage in Danger.

The author focuses on the state of the legacy of Italy in terms of cultural heritage. The author mentions that Italy has the largest of entries of any country on the World Heritage List, which was created under the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on November 16, 1972. She adds that the superintendency of Pompeii has further €105 million of European Union (EU) structural funds to spend on securing its site.

The article offers information on the fourth World Water Development Report by the UNESCO which was released during the World Water Forum in Marseilles, France on March 12, 2012. It says that industrial, agricultural and urban population use of water caused strains on the entire water supply of the Earth. Also included are several charts on global water use and distribution like the top seven global consumers of water, agricultural use of water, and groundwater annual extraction rate.

The article offers information on the initiatives to conserve the 18,000-year-old wall paintings at Lascaux cave in France. It mentions that black fungus has started damaging the wall cave paintings in 2007 that led United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to place it on World Heritage in Danger List. However, culture ministry of France changed the present national scientific committee with scientists to provide research-based approach to conserve the paintings.

An essay is presented on the events occurred during the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) meeting that was held in Paris, France from December 17-21, 1951. It highlights the most important meeting in the history of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).

The article discusses various reports published within the issue including the drama of the December 1951 conference at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and another on the Large Hadron Collider.

Reports on the appointment of Koichiro Matsuura as the director-general of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Programs for the organization; Campaign launched by Japan for Matsuura's election.

Describes plans to discuss the building of a synchrotron in the Middle East. Meeting in Paris, France, regarding the gift of a synchrotron by the German government to the region; Goal to attract scientists from the United States and Europe to the region; The project's founders; Role of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco); Funding issues; Debate over the location; Roles of Israel, Egypt, and the Palestinian Authority. INSET: Pakistan prime minister pledges science boost.

Opinion. Discusses Great Britain's plan to rejoin the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Reasons behind Great Britain's and the United States' decision to leave the organization; Persistence of constitutional contradictions that led to controversies during the 1980s; Practical issues in which Unesco play a role.

The article reports that the approval of Palestinian Authority's membership in the United Nations (UN) has caused budget crises at the UNESCO located in Paris, France. It says that the U.S. has withdrawn its 22% share of the agency's budget amounting to 80 million dollars per year after the organization admitted Palestinian Authority as a member. It mentions that other countries have followed the action of the U.S. such as Canada and Israel.

The article reports that the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is helping professionals and populations in anticipating the risks, assess possible flooding and coordinate monitoring.

The article offers information on the issues surrounding the management of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The author states that UNESCO has lost its leadership credibility as an international spokesman for science, while its programme are seen as fragmented. The author suggests that UNESCO must focus on areas where it can make an impact and must slash superfluous projects such as its puny programme on renewable energy.

The author comments on the announcement made by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization that the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System was already operational. The managing board of the Indian Ocean warning system must concentrate on ensuring that countries in the region get the right advice on how to make use of such warnings. There is a need to advise local communities on simple actions to protect residents against these kinds of emergencies.

The article reports that Nigeria is considering to create a $5-billion endowment fund for science and technology, which would generate a research and development budget. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and other organizations have been working with the country on the plan. The country will have to pledge to publish clear and comprehensive fund accounts.

Reports on the return of the U.S. to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Reasons for the foundation of UNESCO; Possible boost to scientific education; Reaction of the U.S. scientists on the country's support to the organization.

Reports that more and tougher laws are required to meet even the modest goal of not worsening light pollution levels. Lobby for legal standards in outdoor lighting; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's proposal to create a list of heritage sites that nobody owns such as ocean and the sky.

Reports on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) scientific commission's formal endorsement of the creation of a synchrotron radiation facility in the Middle East. Expected approval of the plan on October 2001; Site of the facility; Budget of the project; Operations of the synchrotron radiation facility.

Describes the plans of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to help build computer networks for research and education in southeastern Europe. Results of a meeting on scientific cooperation in southeastern Europe, including the identification of the lack of computer networks as an impediment to cooperation; Social and economic factors which affect science in eastern Europe.

Informs on the promise by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) that it will back poor countries prepared to draw up proposals for swapping debt relief for support for science. Speech of director-general Koichiro Matsuura at a meeting of African leaders to launch an anti-malaria campaign; Report commissioned by Unesco on how the proposal could be achieved.

Reveals United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization director Koichiro Matsuura's findings regarding the management of the organization. Overstaffed secretariat; Mismatched skills to actual needs; Low morale of employees; Examination of appointments made by Matsuura predecessor Federico Mayor.

Argues that United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations director-general Koichiro Matsuura should focus on the core goals of the organization. Self-aggrandizement of Matsuura's predecessors; Evaluation of the World Conference on Science; Improvement of science education.

Focuses on the race to succeed Federico Mayor as the director of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Identification of candidates.

Reports the United States proposal of focus on science teaching at the World Conference on Science, 1999. Comments by Michael Southwick, US deputy assistant secretary of state; The US withdrawal from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (Unesco) in the 1980s.

Reports the support by the Indian government to the recommendations endorsed by the World Conference on Science 1999. Organization of the meeting by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (Unesco) and the International Council for Science (ICSU); Proposed submission of the Indian action plan to the Unesco conference in 1999 October; Comments by Murli Manohar Joshi, India's minister for science.

Editorial. Focuses on the World Conference on Science held in July 1999 at Budapest. Results of the conference as a basis on which governments in the developing world can plan their future support for science; A joint venture by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (Unesco) and the International Council for Science (ICSU); Proposals of the conference.

Reports that the International Forum of Young Scientists (IFYS) desires a Unesco body to represent their views. Value of a permanent body; Response of Unesco director-general Federico Mayor; Presence of young scientists at the World Conference on Science in 1999; Comments from Nobel laureate Leon Lederman; Other concerns of IFYS.

Examines plans to build a synchrotron in the Middle East. Bids to host the project; How a final decision about the synchrotron's location will be made; Support for the project; Financing concerns; Views of Siegbert Raither of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco); Donation of the synchrotron BESSY-1 from Germany; Impact of the Kosovo war's costs on funding possibilities by the United States.

Reports on the invitation of a number of non-governmental organizations (NGO) to the World Conference on Science in Budapest as observers. NGOs expected to attend, including Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth; How restriction of attendance for environmental NGOs will ensure a more focused and productive meeting; Role of Unesco; Strong presence of environmental NGOs in other meetings, such as World Health Organization conventions.

Focuses on urges by Australian and New Zealand delegations to the World Conference on Science in Budapest to prioritize access to knowledge to developing countries, and also increase scientific participation of women and indigenous peoples. Calls on Unesco to support Pacific island countries in their efforts to manage their marine resources and mitigate natural disasters; Heads of the delegations.

Notes that Australia will nominate Gareth Evans to become director general of Unesco. Nominations from other countries; Evans' background.

Asserts that a synchrotron sponsored by the German government would be good for the Middle East. Meeting planned to discuss the idea by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; Potential sources for funding; Transition to peace in the Middle East.

Explains Sweden's position that Unesco should play a greater role in the 1999 World Conference on Science by endorsing calls for greater public access to scientific knowledge. Sweden advocating a greater role for social scientists at the conference; Views of Sweden's Anders Falk; Sweden's strategy for the gathering.

Describes the purpose of Unesco's Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST). Views of director-general Vidgis Finnbogadottir; Ethics of the information society; Environmental issues to be considered.

Reports criticism of the British government for its failure to support Unesco financially. Views of the Labour government about Unesco; Complaints of Dennis Chisman and Malcolm Harper of the UK Unesco Forum against the government; Involvement of the Department for Education and Employment.

Reports on how officials at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) will propose, to members of the United Nations (UN) that the first decade of the millennium be designated the Decade for Science. Number of other issues and industries being focused on during the first decade of 2000.

Reports that Koichiro Matsuura is Japan's candidate for the post of director-general of Unesco. Matsuura considered a front-runner; His planned emphases if appointed; Comments from Matsuura.

Reports that a scientific symposium called on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) to establish a global fund to conserve and promote indigenous knowledge. Details about the proposal; Symposium organized by the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NAIS) in Bangalore, India; Call for an international code of ethics for science and technology.

Reports that a bid by the United States State Department to renew US membership of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has been blocked by the White House budget office. Reaction from supporters of US re-entry; Suggestion that reversing the US withdrawal from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in 1996 is considered to be a higher political priority than rejoining UNESCO.

Focuses on plans for the World Conference on Science for the 21st Century, which is to be held in the Hungarian capital, Budapest. Joint organization by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco), and the International Council for Science; Debate over effectiveness of Unesco; Skepticism over plans for the conference; Concerns over the tight planning schedule; Impact of the end of the Cold War on the dynamics of political thinking and international cooperation in science.

Focuses on international collaboration in science since the end of the Cold War. Institutions set up to encourage collaboration; Development of Unesco, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; Decision of Unesco and the International Council for Science (ICSU) to celebrate the approach of the new millennium with a World Conference on Science; Officials who will be present; Need for concrete objectives.

States that the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights is set to be adopted by the United Nations on December 10, 1998. Supporters of the initiative; Hope the initiative will give greater political prominence to the human rights issues which are raised by advances in genetics; The new government of Germany agreeing to support the text; How approval will only require an endorsement of the existing Unesco test; The strong promotion of the declaration in France.

Announces that a meeting of government experts held at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) in Paris has modified a proposed declaration on genetics and human rights, due to be debated in the fall 1997, so that it explicitly denounces human cloning and germline gene therapy. The difference in the proposal from the advice of Unesco's International Bioethics Committee.

Opinion. Suggests that the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) should think again before endorsing an outright condemnation of human cloning. Its efforts to draft a universal declaration on the human genome; Problems with Unesco's argument.