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Bacterial persisters are phenotypic variants that tolerate exposure to lethal antibiotics. These dormant cells are responsible for chronic and recurrent infections. Multiple mechanisms have been linked to persister formation. Here, we report that a complex, consisting of an extracellular poly(dC) and its membrane-associated binding protein RmlB, appears to be associated with persistence of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environmental stimuli triggers a switch in the complex physiological state (from poly(dC)/RmlB to P-poly(dC)/RmlB or RmlB). In response to the switch, bacteria decrease proton motive force and intracellular ATP levels, forming dormant cells. This alteration in complex status is linked to a (p)ppGpp-controlled signaling pathway that includes inorganic polyphosphate, Lon protease, exonuclease VII (XseA/XseB), and the type III secretion system. The persistence might be also an adaptive response to the lethal action of the dTDP-l-rhamnose pathway shutdown, which occurs due to switching of poly(dC)/RmlB., The mechanisms underlying bacterial persisters formation remain poorly understood. Here, Chen et al. identify a complex formed by extracellular poly(dC) and the binding protein RmlB that controls Pseudomonas aeruginosa persister formation in response to environmental stimuli.