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The article discusses the paper "Cathepsin K-dependent Toll-like receptor 9 signaling revealed in experimental arthritis," by M. Asagiri and colleagues. The study demonstrates the role of NC-2300, an orally active cathepsin K inhibitor, in bone resorption by osteoclasts and in mediating immune responses. The data describe a new role for cathepsin K in Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling in response to unmethylated CpG-containing DNA and in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-23.

The article discusses two studies published in "Nature Medicine" which describe new roles for interleukin-22 (IL-22), an IL-10-family cytokine that is mainly produced by T helper 17 (TH17) cells, in host defense at mucosal surfaces. It highlights the key findings of the papers "Interleukin-22 mediates mucosal host defense against Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia" and "Interleukin-22 mediates early host defense against attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens."