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The issue of low doses has a long history, initially stemming from radioactivity. It can be followed up through a series of metrological controversies about risk assessment on environmental health issues. Building on recent developments of public policy around the hazards linked to endocrine disruptors, this paper offers an exploration of different epistemic logics shaping research and expertise circles involved in low doses issues. Relying on a literature review, participative observation and a series of interviews with experts, this paper examines cognitive and technical supports used by the experts, and strives to depict the pragmatic conditions of a so-called "paradigm shift", purported to reshape the key concepts and tools of toxicology for the 21th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an interdisciplinary analysis associating sociology and biology, this paper studies the social discourses and practices concerning mosquitoes and mosquito pest management in France. The qualitative and quantitative sociological field studies involved two areas, the Rhone river delta and the French alpine valleys. Recalling the anthropocentric heritage of our western societies, our paper shows an evolution, linked to recent social changes, towards more biocentric references, a fact that is noticeable in discourses and attitudes toward mosquitoes. Rather than a radical switch, processes of cohabitation and hybridizing may be observed, combining popular and scientific knowledge, environmental, medical and social issues. The first part of this paper highlights the social and biological relationships between the insect and its habitat, i.e., wetlands. The second part focuses on the forms of articulation between anthropocentrism and biocentrism, especially through the dualism pest/useful insect. The third and last part analyses how the "taxonomic arrangements" between anthropocentrism and biocentrism have triggered an evolution of French public policies regarding mosquito pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of ecosystem services (ES) has recently become a key reference for international environmental policies (broadly including forest policy, agro-environmental measures, conservation policies, etc.) This concept has been developed gradually in scientific circles in the course of the 1990s. It acquired international recognition with a varied public (policy makers, private sector, NGOs, etc.) during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), a global environmental assessment. Since 2005, this notion is experiencing strong growth in different fields such as biodiversity, domestic policies (forestry, agriculture, water, etc.), global change, etc. Our paper is based on the exploratory assumption that the MA process, by organizing the relationship between various networks of scientists and policymakers, has played a key role in the launching and wide dissemination of the ES concept at different scales: international level, domestic policies, local public action mechanisms... It also emphasizes the decisive role played by actors involved in or related to the scientific field in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to data from the French Environmental Barometer EDF-R&D 2004 (national representative sample of French aged over 15), this paper investigated lay risk perceptions related to exposure to electromagnetic fields (from an electric power-line, a TV, a cellular phone or micro-wave oven). Answers to an opened-ended question suggested that many people worry about such exposure: it may interfere with natural electricity circulating in the human body, disturb the nervous system and cause cancer. These answers revealed a conception of human body, health and disease, and participants referred to various kinds of arguments, from expert knowledge to personal intuition. Statistical analyses showed that risk perceptions related to these four devices were strongly correlated with each other and shared common predictors. These results suggest that these risk perceptions are built within the same perceptive frame. One should not consider them as "false beliefs": they are based on consistent conceptions of the body, health and disease, they are fuelled by the contemporary levelling of knowledge, and they reflect the difficulties experienced by many people living in a changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper highlights questions addressed by ecologization processes in agriculture to agronomic sciences dealing with the study of farmer practices and the design of new farming systems. Since the aim of ecologization is the withdrawal or reduction of the use of inputs or of specific technologies (pesticides, soil tillage) and their substitution by natural processes and natural auxiliaries, we point out the interest for agronomic science to take into account the action of natural entities besides that of farmers. Based on a review of founding texts in agronomy, we highlight the fact that these natural auxiliaries or processes have so far been mainly considered as limiting factors. We also show that the attention paid by agronomists to farmer rationale has tended to minimize attention paid to biological entities and processes and contributed to developing an anthropocentric analysis of production systems. We insist on the fact that the move of agricultural systems toward more environmentally friendly and efficient practices makes it necessary to incorporate them in the set of 'actors' involved in the production processes beside farmers and their technical interventions. Our reflection draws on the theoretical proposals of the actor-network theory in sociology, following the symmetry principle which invites to consider in an equal way human and non-human entities in sociotechnical dynamics. We then propose guidelines for reflection, stressing in priority the need for a re-delineation of what may be considered as action and work within the production process. We insist on viewing observation as a form of action and on rethinking arrangements between human inaction and biological processes. We also urge to consider new temporalities and spatiality in the analysis framework, including the long-term properties of bioecological dynamics and the integration of cultivated fields in wider ecological spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on some salient issues of urban sustainable development in France with a specific accent on six urban agglomerations: Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, Nantes and Toulouse. The reticular nature of these issues and the circuits leading to their realization are analysed with reference to the ways a multiplicity of actors conceive, plan and bring about the construction of cities, rather than through sectoral viewpoints. Thus, urban sustainable development appears within a (locally variable) set of linkages that sets these issues firmly in areas of interrelations and intersections. Based on a large body of documentation and field work (observations and interviews) this approach helps trace the complex relations between discourse and the reality of on-going dynamics, including the implementation of sustainable development urban operations such as mutations in the domain of public action as exemplified by urbanisation. These relations converge in articulating the issues, with urban sustainable development — in the diversity of its usages — becoming a "portmanteau", much like "governance". In this context, technical experts and the "city professionals" can be seen as intermediary representatives: actors/go-betweens who contribute to the development of links and modes of combining practices between usually separate worlds. On this assumption, we consider that nowadays novel professions directly linked with urban areas and environmental issues are emerging at public local level (cities, metropolitan institutions, town-planning agencies, semi-public companies, associations acting as service providers, etc.), in proportion with the development of an urban sustainable development "repertoire" in urban politics. New specific competences and scopes of activities extend and define the field of sustainable development experts. Nevertheless, these competences remain broken up between several kinds of jobs and functions (civil servants and local government officers, project leaders, urban architects, consultants, employees of associations, etc.). Indeed, the limits of this professionalization process are significant of the success of urban sustainable development itself, which can be interpreted as a malleable concept, a property considered as a central condition of its cognitive and practical diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to highlight the links between outdoor sports, sustainable development and the environment. The action-research work the author analyzed was designed to help local stakeholders manage their interactions and take the environment into account in developing and institutionalizing outdoor sports under a Scheme for spaces, sites and paths relative to outdoor sports. After briefly presenting the situation of outdoor sports, the article examines critically the literature on the environmental impact of these activities. It then analyzes the conditions in which a tool for environmental evaluation was evolved and the stakeholder interactions it induced. To conclude we show the difficulty that arise in establishing a process of participative democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the data from the French Environment Barometer EDF-R&D 2004 (national representative sample of French citizens aged over 15) and surveys by ADEME between 2000 and 2005, the paper investigates lay perceptions of the causes and consequences of the greenhouse effect, which may be considered as archetypal of contemporary environmental risks. Beyond lay lack of knowledge, the greenhouse effect gives rise to coherent and meaningful cognitions, including causal explanations, shaped by the pre-existing cognitive framework. This cognitive work, based on analogic rather than scientific thought, strings together the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, air pollution and even nuclear power. The cognitive process is also fed by the individuals' general conceptions of Nature and of the rights and duties of humankind towards Nature. People are not greatly worried about the unseen and controversial consequences of the greenhouse effect: such worry could be one of those "elite fears" mentioned by Beck. Finally, while the efficiency of public policies to counter the greenhouse effect requires extensive societal involvement, low confidence towards both political and scientific authorities may prevent the population from becoming aware of the environmental stakes tied to the greenhouse effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laypeople's capacity to co-produce scientific knowledge and to evaluate scientific projects has been progressively acknowledged. Yet environmental controversies have led us to consider two other significant phenomena, i.e., laypeople's reluctance to take part in participation arenas, and the ability of these very same people to energetically and convincingly take a stand against the arguments of experts. Considering these two phenomena only as a hold-up on the way to true technical democracy would be an error. They highlight the capacity of laypeople to exercise judgement, which could well lead to their adopting an ironic stance towards both politics and science. In this paper we have attempted to explore the two features underpinning this judgment, namely clear-sightedness and disenchantment. We show that ironic judgment can reflect bad experiences shared by others, and may be potentially strengthened by social sciences theories, especially those criticizing political power and science. However, if widespread, irony could lead to a paralysed society. To conclude, we suggest an alternative way of considering science and politics, removed from either respect or sterile irony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]