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C.E.R.A. (continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, pegilated-rHuEPO ß) corrects and maintains stable hemoglobin levels in once-monthly administration in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of anemia with C.E.R.A. in CKD patients not on dialysis in the clinical setting.Two hundred seventy two anemic CKD patients not on dialysis treated with C.E.R.A. were included in this retrospective, observational, multicentric study during 2010. Demographical characteristics, analytical parameters concerning anemia, treatment data and iron status were recorded.C.E.R.A. achieved a good control of anemia in both naïve patients (mean Hemoglobin 11.6g/dL) and patients converted from a previous ESA (mean Hemoglobin 11.7g/dL). Most naïve patients received C.E.R.A. once monthly during the correction phase and required a low monthly dose (median dose 75 µg/month). The same median dose was required in patients converted from a previous ESA, and it was lower than recommended in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). Iron status was adequate in 75% of anemic CKD patients, but only 50% of anemic patients with iron deficiency received iron supplementation.C.E.R.A. corrects and maintains stable hemoglobin levels in anemic CKD patients not on dialysis, requiring conversion doses lower than those recommended by the SPC, and achieving target hemoglobin levels with once-monthly dosing frequency both in naïve and converted patients.

Transplant renal artery stenosis is a major complication that requires a therapeutic approach involving surgery or angioplasty. The aim of this study was to analyse the evolution of renal transplant patients with renal allograft artery stenosis treated by angioplasty and stent placement. Thirteen patients were diagnosed with transplant renal artery stenosis. Clinical suspicion was based on deterioration of renal function and/or poorly controlled hypertension with compatible Doppler ultrasound findings. The diagnosis was confirmed by arteriography, performing an angioplasty with stent placement during the same operation. A progressive improvement in renal function was observed during the first 3 months after the angioplasty, and renal function then remained stable over 2 years. In addition, blood pressure improved during the first 2 years, and as a consequence there was no need to increase the average number of anti-hypertensive drugs administered (2.5 drugs per patient). In conclusion, angioplasty with stent placement is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis.

Renal transplant is the best option of treatment of chronic kidney disease and the shortage of cadaveric donors has caused the rapid increase of living donor programs. Provided that an important proportion of the donor-recipient pairs are incompatible between them, ABO incompatibility or positive cross-match test, one of the most important challenges of last decade, has been the solution of the above mentioned problem. For it there have begun the crossed-over transplant programs (also called donors' exchange programs) in his different combinations and these kind of transplants has been consolidated by an excellent results. To eliminate the titles of anti-HLA antibodies and the isoaglutinines we have different resources, beeing the most importants plasmapheresis, the immunoadsortion, immunoglobulin infusion, Rituximab use and splenectomy. They need all of them of the concomitant use of a powerful immunosuppression and of a suitable antiinfectious prevention. The results obtained with the incompatible donors are nowadays excellent and totally comparable to the obtained ones using living compatible donors.

Transplant from solid nonrenal organ has experienced an important increase in the last decades. It is due to the increasing improvement of the results obtained with the above mentioned transplants. Parallel, many nonrenal transplanted patients have developed a chronic renal failure that has determined, in some cases, the need of beginning the substitution of renal function by means of dialysis and/or transplant. The origin of the same one is multifactorial and the consequences derived from it are very important so much in morbimortality as of economic nature for the set of the system. The present review tries to help to the identification of risk factors of renal insufficiency in the nonrenal transplanted patient and to determine which might be the basic concepts of prevention, early diagnosis and of derivation to the nephrologist expert in transplants and renal dysfunction. Finally, we check the possibilities of managing of the immunosuppressive treatment and substitution of renal function by means of dialysis and/or simple or double transplant.