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The congenital anomalies of kidney are important as they may cause renal failure in middle age group. Horseshoe kidney is the most common fusion anomaly. It has been said to occur in every 400 births and is seen in approximately 1 out of 300 pyelographies. A horseshoe kidney was observed in a thirty-two year old male in the archives of the Department of Anatomy, PGIMER, Chandigarh. The kidney was placed at lower level as compared to its normal position. The lower poles were fused to form the isthmus opposite to the L4 vertebra. There was no extra renal anomaly. Relation of structures in hilum was normal on right side while on left side pelvis was anterior to vein and artery. The right and left renal arteries arose as usual as lateral branches of the aorta just below the level of superior mesenteric artery. Two accessory renal arteries originated from the ventral aspect of aorta just above the isthmus. Right kidney was drained by three renal veins directly into the inferior vena cava while the left kidney was drained by a renal vein which had three tributaries outside the hilum. The right kidney appeared normal under the light microscope while in the left kidney, glomeruli were decreased and glomerular space appeared more. Some of the glomeruli appeared atrophied and filled with eosinophilic material. The horseshoe kidney has been estimated to be occurring in 0.25% of the general population and is more common in men.

Osteoarthritis is the most common of the various articular disorders affecting man. The present study was conducted to observe the microstructure of osteoarthritic human femoral articular cartilage by light microscopy. Fifteen osteoarthritic cartilage specimens obtained from patients with primary osteoarthritis (52-80 years) undergoing total knee replacement were processed for paraffin sections. 5 m thick sections were observed under light microscope. The articular surface appeared to be very irregular and fibrillated in all the specimens. The cartilage did not show the normal zonation. Various changes seen were different in all specimens and they were not related to age. Most common feature of the osteoarthritic articular cartilage was the presence of large clusters of cells in 60.0% specimens. Detached parts of the degenerating cartilage were present in the joint cavity in the form of loose bodies. The collagen fibres appeared to be coarser and irregular even near the non-fibrillated areas. Numerous tangential, oblique and vertical splits were also observed. Osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity was seen in the subchondral bone and the osteolytic cyst appeared to invade the cartilage from the subchondral bone. Blood vessels from the subchondral bone were also seen invading the cartilage in 20.0% specimens. The various changes seen in the osteoarthritic cartilage could be an effort of cartilage repair but such attempts are severely counteracted by the osteoarthritic wear process.

The variable origin of muscles is not uncommon though the complete or partial absence of the clavicular head of pectoralis major muscle is rare. This paper deals with bilateral partial absence of clavicular head of pectoralis major muscle. The clavicular head was arising only in the middle of medial half of the clavicle and was separated from sternocostal head by a gap of 2.5cm and laterally from the origin of deltoid from clavicle by a gap of 2.5cm. Nerve supply of this muscle was from lateral and medial pectoral nerves as usual. The partial absence of the clavicular head of pectoralis major muscle becomes important in cases of reconstructive surgery as this head is required to cover the lateral acromioclavicular defect and in cases of established facial paralysis.

The presence of a valve and the concept of a functional sphincter at the ileocaecal junction have been debated in the literature. Twenty four specimens of ileocaecal organ complex including 10cm of ileum and colon were obtained from cadavers from the Departments of Anatomy and Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh. 5 micron thick longitudinal sections from the upper lip of the ileocaecal valve were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Silver stain. Sections of the ileum and colon from 5 ileocaecal organ complexes were also prepared and similarly stained. All the sections were viewed under the light microscope. The muscle bundles constituting the muscularis propria in the ileocaecal valve were arranged in two rows and were tapering in size from the base to the apex. The disposition of the muscle fibres was not uniform in all the specimens. The muscle fibers could be traced up to the upper, middle and lower third of the valve in 8 (33.3%), 14 (58.3%) and 2 (8.3%) specimens respectively. Silver stain of these sections revealed large numbers of nerve elements distributed within the submucosa and muscularis propria. The density of nerve elements in the ileocaecal valve was similar in all the sections irrespective of the extent of the muscularis propria and was comparable to the density of nerve elements in the muscularis propria and submucosa of the ileum and colon. The present study shows that the ileocaecal valve has a well developed muscularis mucosa and a proportionate component of the nerve elements.

Posterior cord (PC) is formed by the union of posterior divisions of upper, middle and lower trunks. During routine dissection variations in the formation and distribution of PC and its branches were observed on both the sides. These variations were: i) prefixed brachial plexus on left side ii) PC on both the sides was formed by the union of posterior divisions of only the upper (C5, 6) and middle (C7) trunks while the posterior division of lower (C8, T1) trunk joined the radial nerve directly and also gave contribution by two roots to left thoracodorsal nerve iii) length of PC varied on both the sides; on right side it was 4cm while on left side it was 1.5cm long. iv) upper subscapular nerve on right side arose from PC far proximal to other branches and on its course communicated with lower subscapular nerve before distributing to subscapularis while on left side it arose from posterior division of the upper trunk (C5, 6) only. v) on left side nerve to teres minor arose directly from axillary nerve trunk instead of arising from its posterior branch. The axillary nerve on both the sides divided into terminal branches before entering the quadrangular space of arm instead after traversing the quadrangular space. vi) the branches of radial nerve, which normally arise in the radial groove, arose in the axilla on both the sides. So in cases of trauma or injury of arm some of these branches may be spared.