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Whether or not completing the hepatitis B vaccination in patients who have undergone kidney transplantation in the middle of incomplete vaccination schedule leads to development of protective antibody titres is not known. This study was designed to determine whether the strategy of completing hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination after transplantation is efficacious. Sixty-four end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA. HBsAg negative patients received four doses of 40 µg recombinant HBV vaccine. Schedule was continued in after transplantation period if it was incomplete before transplant. Anti-Hbs titres were evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Past HBV infection was noted in 12 patients: 10 by serology plus viraemia and two by viraemia alone. Of the 46 patients without current or past HBV infection who had received at least two doses of the vaccine before transplant, 17 each had received two and three doses and 12 had completed the schedule. Seventeen (37%) exhibited protective titres. Patients who had completed vaccination were more likely to have protective titres than those incompletely vaccinated ( P = 0.02). Five patients responded to post-transplant vaccination. Partially vaccinated patients do not mount an adequate antibody response despite continued vaccination in the post-transplant period, whereas complete vaccination provides protection in 60%. The present study data highlights the need of administration of a full schedule of HBV vaccination before kidney transplantation. Nucleic acid-based tests can identify occult HBV infection. Patients partially vaccinated against HBV do not mount an adequate antibody response despite continued vaccination in the post-transplant period. The data presented here highlights the need for administration of a full schedule of vaccination before kidney transplantation for maximal protection against HBV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]