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The primary objective of a power system is to provide safe and reliable electrical energy to consumers. This objective is achieved by maintaining the stability of the power system, a multifaceted concept that can be divided into three distinct classes. The focus of this study is on one of these classes, voltage stability. A critical component in maintaining voltage stability is the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system of synchronous generators. In this paper, a novel control method, the sigmoid-based fractional-order PID (SFOPID), is introduced with the aim of improving the dynamic response and the robustness of the AVR system. The dandelion optimizer (DO), a successful optimization algorithm, is used to optimize the parameters of the proposed SFOPID control strategy. The optimization process for the DO-SFOPID control strategy includes a variety of objective functions, including error-based metrics such as integral of absolute error, integral of squared error, integral of time absolute error, and integral of time squared error, in addition to the user-defined Zwee Lee Gaing's metric. The effectiveness of the DO-SFOPID control technique on the AVR system has been rigorously investigated through a series of tests and analyses, including aspects such as time domain, robustness, frequency domain, and evaluation of nonlinearity effects. The simulation results are compared between the proposed DO-SFOPID control technique and the fractional-order PID (FOPID) and sigmoid-based PID (SPID) control techniques, both of which have been tuned using different metaheuristic algorithms that have gained significant recognition in recent years. As a result of these comparative analyses, the superiority of the DO-SFOPID control technique is confirmed as it shows an improved performance with respect to the other control techniques. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed DO-SFOPID control technique is validated within an experimental setup for the AVR system. The simulation results show that the proposed DO-SFOPID control technique is highly successful in terms of stability and robustness. In summary, this study provides comprehensive evidence supporting the effectiveness and superiority of the DO-SFOPID control technique on the AVR system through both simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mismatch between generated power and load demand often leads to undesirable fluctuations in the frequency and tie-line power change of a power system. To mitigate this problem, the implementation of a control process known as load frequency control (LFC) becomes essential. The objective of this study is to optimize the parameters of the LFC controller for a two-area power system consisting of a reheat thermal generator and a photovoltaic power plant. A proportional–integral (PI) controller is employed to damp the oscillations that occur in the frequency and tie-line power change. A newly developed meta-heuristic optimization technique called gorilla troops optimization (GTO) is used for the first time to optimally tune the parameters of the PI controller and improve its performance. The performance of the GTO optimization technique is analyzed under varying load demands, parameter variations, and nonlinearities. Comparative evaluations with different optimization algorithms are performed. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed GTO-PI controller outperforms the other optimization techniques in terms of reducing the overshoot values in the system frequency and tie-line power change, as well as achieving faster settling times for these oscillations. This research highlights the effectiveness of the GTO-PI controller in LFC, providing improved performance over alternative algorithms. The results underscore the significance of utilizing meta-heuristic optimization techniques for optimal parameter tuning in power system control applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system is commonly used in power systems to remain terminal voltage of generator at a specified level. The terminal voltage level is controlled by utilizing various controllers in an AVR system. Researchers aim to enhance dynamic performance of the AVR system besides minimize steady state error by employing various controllers in their studies. In most of these studies, evolutionary algorithms are used during controller design process. Evolutionary algorithms are commonly utilized to optimally tune controller parameters according to predefined objective function. In this study, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with filter (PID-F) is proposed for an AVR system in order to improve its dynamic performance. The proposed PID-F controller has four independent variables which are optimally tuned by utilizing symbiotic organism search (SOS) algorithm. In order to analyze the performance of the designed PID-F controller, step response of the AVR system is obtained and transient response analysis is performed. The obtained transient response characteristics are compared with available current studies proposing optimally tuned PID controllers for the AVR system. In addition, stability of the AVR system with the proposed SOS algorithm-based PID-F controller is analyzed by carrying out pole/zero map analysis and bode diagram analysis. Lastly, robustness of the proposed controller toward parameter uncertainties in the AVR system is examined. The results indicate that the proposed SOS algorithm-based PID-F controller enhances the transient response characteristics, stability and robustness of the AVR system and can be successfully employed in the AVR system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]