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5 results on '"MESH: Brain Mapping"'

1. Mapping critical cortical hubs and white matter pathways by direct electrical stimulation: an original functional atlas of the human brain

Author

Sylvie Moritz-Gasser, Hugues Duffau, Guillaume Herbet, Matthew C. Tate, Stefano Merler, Silvio Sarubbo, Alessandro De Benedictis, Division of Neurosurgery, Structural and Functional Connectivity Lab Project, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University [Evanston], Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital [Rome, Italy], NeuroInformatics Laboratory of Bruno Kessler Foundation (NILab), Università degli Studi di Trento (UNITN), Neurochirurgie [Hôpital Gui de Chauliac], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Hôpital Gui de Chauliac [Montpellier], Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Salvy-Córdoba, Nathalie, and Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier - Déficits sensoriels et moteurs (INM)

Subjects
[SDV.MHEP.CHI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Surgery, Computer science, [INFO.INFO-IM] Computer Science [cs]/Medical Imaging, Brain mapping, Neurosurgical Procedures, MESH: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 0302 clinical medicine, Neural Pathways, MESH: Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Brain Mapping, medicine.diagnostic_test, 05 social sciences, MESH: Electric Stimulation, Cognition, Neuropsychological test, Human brain, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, White Matter, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, Preoperative Period, Nerve tract, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Neuropsychological testing, Atlas, Adult, Cognitive Neuroscience, MESH: Atlases as Topic, Direct electrical stimulation, Subcortical, MESH: Preoperative Period, [SDV.MHEP.CHI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Surgery, 050105 experimental psychology, Article, lcsh:RC321-571, White matter, 03 medical and health sciences, Atlases as Topic, Neuroimaging, medicine, [INFO.INFO-IM]Computer Science [cs]/Medical Imaging, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, MESH: Humans, MESH: Neural Pathways, MESH: Adult, MESH: Neurosurgical Procedures, Neurophysiology, MESH: Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Brain functions, MESH: White Matter, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Objective The structural and functional organization of brain networks subserving basic daily activities (i.e. language, visuo-spatial cognition, movement, semantics, etc.) are not completely understood to date. Here, we report the first probabilistic cortical and subcortical atlas of critical structures mediating human brain functions based on direct electrical stimulation (DES), a well-validated tool for the exploration of cerebral processing and for performing safe surgical interventions in eloquent areas. Methods We collected 1162 cortical and 659 subcortical DES responses during testing of 16 functional domains in 256 patients undergoing awake surgery. Spatial coordinates for each functional response were calculated, and probability distributions for the entire patient cohort were mapped onto a standardized three-dimensional brain template using a multinomial statistical analysis. In addition, matching analyses were performed against prior established anatomy-based cortical and white matter (WM) atlases. Results The probabilistic maps for each functional domain were provided. The topographical analysis demonstrated a wide spatial distribution of cortical functional responses, while subcortical responses were more restricted, localizing to known WM pathways. These DES-derived data showed reliable matching with existing cortical and WM atlases as well as recent neuroimaging and neurophysiological data. Conclusions We present the first integrated and comprehensive cortical-subcortical atlas of structures essential for humans’ neural functions based on highly-specific DES mapping during real-time neuropsychological testing. This novel atlas can serve as a complementary tool for neuroscientists, along with data obtained from other modalities, to improve and refine our understanding of the functional anatomy of critical brain networks.

Published
2019
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2. MRI atlas of the human hypothalamus

Author

Didier Dewailly, Serge Blond, Eglantine Balland, Vincent Prevot, Pierre Besson, Patrice Jissendi, Jean Paul Francke, J.-P. Pruvo, Marc Baroncini, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer - U1172 Inserm - U837 (JPArc), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Lille Nord de France (COMUE)-Université de Lille, Service de neurochirurgie, Hôpital Roger Salengro [Lille]-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Service de neuroradiologie [Lille], Hôpital Roger Salengro [Lille]-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Laboratoire d'anatomie, Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Service d'endocrinologie, gynécologie et médecine de la reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer - U837 (JPArc), Université Lille Nord de France (COMUE)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille, and Prevot, Vincent

Subjects
Male, human hypothalamus, anatomy, Cognitive Neuroscience, Hypothalamus, MESH: Atlases as Topic, Anterior commissure, Biology, Brain mapping, MESH: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, coronal plane, White matter, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Atlases as Topic, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Anatomy, Artistic, MESH: Brain Mapping, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, Brain Mapping, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, medicine.diagnostic_test, Fornix, Magnetic resonance imaging, Anatomy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MESH: Hypothalamus, MESH: Anatomy, Artistic, MESH: Male, 3. Good health, medicine.anatomical_structure, Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, Neurology, MESH: Young Adult, Coronal plane, Female, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH: Female, Neuroscience, Nucleus, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, MRI
Abstract

International audience; Gaining new insights into the anatomy of the human hypothalamus is crucial for the development of new treatment strategies involving functional stereotactic neurosurgery. Here, using anatomical comparisons between histology and magnetic resonance images of the human hypothalamus in the coronal plane, we show that discrete gray and white hypothalamic structures are consistently identifiable by MRI. Macroscopic and microscopic images were used to precisely annotate the MRI sequences realized in the coronal plane in twenty healthy volunteers. MRI was performed on a 1.5 T scanner, using a protocol including T1-weighted 3D fast field echo, T1-weighted inversion-recovery, turbo spin echo and T2-weighted 2D fast field echo imaging. For each gray matter structure as well as for white matter bundles, the different MRI sequences were analyzed in comparison to each other. The anterior commissure and the fornix were often identifiable, while the mammillothalamic tract was more difficult to spot. Qualitative analyses showed that MRI could also highlight finer structures such as the paraventricular nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus, brain nuclei that play key roles in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. The posterior hypothalamic area, a target for deep brain stimulation in the treatment of cluster headaches, was readily identified, as was the lateral hypothalamic area, which similar to the aforementioned hypothalamic nuclei, could be a putative target for deep brain stimulation in the treatment of obesity. Finally, each of the identified structures was mapped to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space.

Published
2012
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3. FMRI language mapping in children: a panel of language tasks using visual and auditory stimulation without reading or metalinguistic requirements

Author

Jean-Christophe Ferré, Pierre Jannin, Camille Maumet, Arnaud Biraben, Clément de Guibert, Elisabeth Le Rumeur, Catherine Allaire, Christian Barillot, Laboratoire d'anthropologie et de sociologie. UHB (LAS), MEN : EA2241-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Vision, Action et Gestion d'informations en Santé (VisAGeS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SIGNAUX ET IMAGES NUMÉRIQUES, ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre référent pour les troubles du langage et des apprentissages, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de radiologie et imagerie médicale [Rennes] = Radiology [Rennes], CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Service de neurologie [Rennes], Université de Rennes (UR), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Grosset, Aline

Subjects
Male, Computer science, computer.software_genre, MESH: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 0302 clinical medicine, Reading (process), MESH: Child, Child, MESH: Brain Mapping, media_common, Language, Brain Mapping, 05 social sciences, Cognition, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Conjunction (grammar), MESH: Photic Stimulation, Neurology, MESH: Language, Laterality, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Female, Natural language processing, psychological phenomena and processes, Cognitive psychology, Adolescent, Cognitive Neuroscience, media_common.quotation_subject, MESH: Acoustic Stimulation, Context (language use), MESH: Reading, behavioral disciplines and activities, Sensitivity and Specificity, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Auditory stimulation, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [SDV.IB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, business.industry, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, MESH: Male, Task (computing), Acoustic Stimulation, Reading, Artificial intelligence, business, computer, MESH: Female, MESH: Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Photic Stimulation
Abstract

International audience; In the context of presurgical mapping or investigation of neurological and developmental disorders in children, language fMRI raises the issue of the design of a tasks panel achievable by young disordered children. Most language tasks shown to be efficient with healthy children require metalinguistic or reading abilities, therefore adding attentional, cognitive and academic constraints that may be problematic in this context. This study experimented a panel of four language tasks that did not require high attentional skills, reading, or metalinguistic abilities. Two reference tasks involving auditory stimulation (words generation from category, "category"; auditory responsive naming, "definition") were compared with two new tasks involving visual stimulation. These later were designed to tap spontaneous phonological production, in which the names of pictures to be named involve a phonological difference (e.g. in French poule/boule/moule; "phon-diff") or change of segmentation (e.g. in French car/car-te/car-t-on; "phon-seg"). Eighteen healthy children participated (mean age: 12.7+/-3 years). Data processing involved normalizing the data via a matched pairs pediatric template, and inter-task and region of interest analyses with laterality assessment. The reference tasks predominantly activated the left frontal and temporal core language regions, respectively. The new tasks activated these two regions simultaneously, more strongly for the phon-seg task. The union and intersection of all tasks provided more sensitive or specific maps. The study demonstrates that both reference and new tasks highlight core language regions in children, and that the latter are useful for the mapping of spontaneous phonological processing. The use of several different tasks may improve the sensitivity and specificity of fMRI.

Published
2009
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4. Assessment of the early organization and maturation of infants' cerebral white matter fiber bundles: a feasibility study using quantitative diffusion tensor imaging and tractography

Author

Y. Cointepas, Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, D. Le Bihan, Jessica Dubois, Lucie Hertz-Pannier, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), IFR49 - Neurospin - CEA, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Épilepsie de l'enfant et plasticité cérébrale (Inserm U663), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Neuroimagerie cognitive (LCogn), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Le Bihan, Denis, Département de radiothérapie, CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM - U896 Inserm - UM1), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle (IIN), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications (ENST)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information (LTCI), Télécom ParisTech-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, IFR de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle (IFR 49), Human Brain Research Center [Kyoto] (HBRC), and Kyoto University [Kyoto]

Subjects
Male, Spinothalamic Tracts, [SDV.IB.IMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering/Imaging, Pyramidal Tracts, MESH: Pyramidal Tracts, Corpus callosum, Brain mapping, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Spinothalamic Tracts, Reference Values, Neural Pathways, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Cingulum (brain), MESH: Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Brain Mapping, MESH: Reference Values, Age Factors, Brain, MESH: Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, MESH: Infant, MESH: Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, Female, Psychology, Algorithms, Tractography, Cognitive Neuroscience, MESH: Algorithms, MESH: Imaging, Three-Dimensional, MESH: Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, White matter, MESH: Brain, 03 medical and health sciences, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Fractional anisotropy, medicine, Humans, MESH: Infant Behavior, Dominance, Cerebral, MESH: Age Factors, MESH: Humans, Pyramidal tracts, MESH: Neural Pathways, Infant, MESH: Dominance, Cerebral, MESH: Cerebral Cortex, MESH: Male, [SDV.IB.IMA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering/Imaging, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Infant Behavior, MESH: Anisotropy, Anisotropy, MESH: Female, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Diffusion MRI
Abstract

International audience; The human infant is particularly immature at birth and brain maturation, with the myelination of white matter fibers, is protracted until adulthood. Diffusion tensor imaging offers the possibility to describe non invasively the fascicles spatial organization at an early stage and to follow the cerebral maturation with quantitative parameters that might be correlated with behavioral development. Here, we assessed the feasibility to study the organization and maturation of major white matter bundles in eighteen 1- to 4-month-old healthy infants, using a specific acquisition protocol customized to the immature brain (with 15 orientations of the diffusion gradients and a 700 s mm(-2)b factor). We were able to track most of the main fascicles described at later ages despite the low anisotropy of the infant white matter, using the FACT algorithm. This mapping allows us to propose a new method of quantification based on reconstructed tracts, split between specific regions, which should be more sensitive to specific changes in a bundle than the conventional approach, based on regions-of-interest. We observed variations in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity over the considered developmental period in most bundles (corpus callosum, cerebellar peduncles, cortico-spinal tract, spino-thalamic tract, capsules, radiations, longitudinal and uncinate fascicles, cingulum). The results are in good agreement with the known stages of white matter maturation and myelination, and the proposed approach might provide important insights on brain development.

Published
2005
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5. Role of operculoinsular cortices in human pain processing: converging evidence from PET, fMRI, dipole modeling, and intracerebral recordings of evoked potentials

Author

Fabrice-Guy Barral, Patrick Mertens, Maud Frot, Roland Peyron, François Mauguière, Bernard Laurent, Fabien Schneider, Marc Sindou, Luis Garcia-Larrea, NeuroPain - CRNL, Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), The Neurodis Fondation, Neurodis, Activation et dysfonctionnements des réseaux neuronaux (EA1880), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Subjects
Male, Laser-Evoked Potentials, MESH: Frontal Lobe, Stimulation, Synaptic Transmission, MESH: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, MESH: Nociceptors, MESH: Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, 0303 health sciences, Brain Mapping, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH: Pain Threshold, Nociceptors, Electroencephalography, Human brain, Middle Aged, MESH: Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electrodes, Implanted, Frontal Lobe, Nociception, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, MESH: Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Female, MESH: Pain, Psychology, MESH: Oxygen, psychological phenomena and processes, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Adult, Pain Threshold, Cognitive Neuroscience, MESH: Tomography, Emission-Computed, Pain, behavioral disciplines and activities, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Electroencephalography, MESH: Synaptic Transmission, medicine, Humans, Dominance, Cerebral, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, MESH: Adult, MESH: Dominance, Cerebral, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, MESH: Cerebral Cortex, Oxygen, Electrophysiology, nervous system, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Scalp, MESH: Electrodes, Implanted, MESH: Female, Insula, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

International audience; Insular and SII cortices have been consistently shown by PET, fMRI, EPs, and MEG techniques to be activated bilaterally by a nociceptive stimulation. The aim of the present study was to refer to, and to compare within a common stereotactic space, the nociceptive responses obtained in humans by (i) PET, (ii) fMRI, (iii) dipole modeling of scalp LEPs, and (iv) intracerebral recordings of LEPs. PET, fMRI, and scalp LEPs were obtained from normal subjects during thermal pain. Operculoinsular LEPs were obtained from 13 patients using deep brain electrodes implanted for presurgical evaluation of drug-resistant epilepsy. Whatever the technique, we obtained responses which were located bilaterally in the insular and SII cortices. In electrophysiological responses (LEPs) the SII insular contribution peaked between 150 and 250 ms poststimulus and corresponded to the earliest portions of the whole cerebral response. Group analysis of PET and fMRI data showed highly consistent responses contralateral to stimulation. On single-subject analysis, LEPs and fMRI activations were concentrated in relatively restricted volumes even though spatial sampling was quite different for both techniques. Despite our multimodal approach, however, it was not possible to separate insular from SII activities. Individual variations in the anatomy and function of SII and insular cortices may explain this limitation. This multimodal study provides, however, cross-validated spatial and temporal information on the pain-related processes occurring in the operculoinsular region, which thus appears as a major site for the early cortical pain encoding in the human brain.

Published
2002
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