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Your search keyword '"Murphy, Declan"' showing total 16 results
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16 results on '"Murphy, Declan"'

5. Cortical anatomy in human X monosomy

Author

Raznahan, Armin, Cutter, William, Lalonde, Francois, Robertson, Dene, Daly, Eileen, Conway, Gerard S., Skuse, David H., Ross, Judith, Lerch, J.P., Giedd, Jay N., and Murphy, Declan D.G.M.

Published
2010
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13. Individual differences in brain structure underpin empathizing-systemizing cognitive styles in male adults

Author

Lai,Meng-Chuan, Lombardo, Michael V., Chakrabarti,B., Ecker,C., Sadek,Susan A., Wheelwright,Sally J., Murphy,Declan G. M., Suckling,John, Bullmore,Edward T., Baron-Cohen,Simon, Bailey, Anthony J., Bolton, P. F., Carrington, S., Daly,Eileen M., Deoni,Sean C. L., Happé,Francesca, Henty, Julian, Jezzard, Peter, Johnston,Patrick, Jones, D. K., Madden, A., Mullins, D., Murphy,Clodagh M., Pasco, Greg, Ruigrok,Amber N. V., Spain,D., Stewart, R., Williams,Steven C. R., Lombardo,Michael V., and Lombardo, Michael V. [0000-0001-6780-8619]

Subjects
Adult, Male, Adolescent, Cognitive Neuroscience, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Empathy, Brain mapping, 050105 experimental psychology, Article, Developmental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Cognition, Basal ganglia, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Systemizing, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Vbm, 10. No inequality, education, VBM, media_common, education.field_of_study, Brain Mapping, Sex Characteristics, Cognitive style, 05 social sciences, Brain, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, Individual differences, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive psychology, Neuroanatomy, Sex characteristics
Abstract

Individual differences in cognitive style can be characterized along two dimensions: ‘systemizing’ (S, the drive to analyze or build ‘rule-based’ systems) and ‘empathizing’ (E, the drive to identify another's mental state and respond to this with an appropriate emotion). Discrepancies between these two dimensions in one direction (S > E) or the other (E > S) are associated with sex differences in cognition: on average more males show an S > E cognitive style, while on average more females show an E > S profile. The neurobiological basis of these different profiles remains unknown. Since individuals may be typical or atypical for their sex, it is important to move away from the study of sex differences and towards the study of differences in cognitive style. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging we examined how neuroanatomy varies as a function of the discrepancy between E and S in 88 adult males from the general population. Selecting just males allows us to study discrepant E-S profiles in a pure way, unconfounded by other factors related to sex and gender. An increasing S > E profile was associated with increased gray matter volume in cingulate and dorsal medial prefrontal areas which have been implicated in processes related to cognitive control, monitoring, error detection, and probabilistic inference. An increasing E > S profile was associated with larger hypothalamic and ventral basal ganglia regions which have been implicated in neuroendocrine control, motivation and reward. These results suggest an underlying neuroanatomical basis linked to the discrepancy between these two important dimensions of individual differences in cognitive style., Highlights ► Empathizing (E)–Systemizing (S) discrepancy differentiates human cognitive styles. ► We investigate the brain structural basis for ‘E–S discrepancy’ in adult males. ► S > E profile is related to larger cingulate and dorsal medial prefrontal structures. ► E > S profile is related to larger hypothalamus and ventral basal ganglia. ► E–S discrepancy is reflected by distinct individual differences in brain structure.

Published
2011

16. Standardized structural magnetic resonance imaging in multicentre studies using quantitative T 1 and T 2 imaging at 1.5 T

Author

Deoni, Sean C.L., Williams, Steven C.R., Jezzard, Peter, Suckling, John, Murphy, Declan G.M., and Jones, Derek K.

Subjects
*MAGNETIC resonance imaging, *MICROMECHANICS, *BIOCHEMISTRY
Abstract

Abstract: The ability to acquire MRI data with consistent tissue contrast at multiple time points, and/or across different imaging centres has become increasingly important as the number of large longitudinal and multicentre studies has grown. Here, the use of quantitative magnetic resonance relaxation times measurement, or, voxel-wise determination of the intrinsic longitudinal and transverse relaxation times, T 1 and T 2 respectively, for standardizing the structural imaging component of such studies is reported. To demonstrate the ability to standardize across multiple time-points and imaging centres, T 1 and T 2 maps of seven healthy volunteers were acquired using the rapid DESPOT1 and DESPOT2 (driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T 1 and T 2) mapping techniques at three centres across the United Kingdom (each centre utilizing scanners from competing manufacturers and/or with varying gradient performance). An average coefficient of variation of the estimates of T 1 and T 2 was found to be approximately 6.5% and 8%, respectively, across the three centres and comparable to that achieved between repeated imaging sessions performed at the same centre. With a total combined imaging time of less than 12 min for whole-brain ∼1.2 mm isotropic voxel T 1 and T 2 maps, quantitative voxel-wise T 1 and T 2 mapping represents an attractive and easy-to-implement approach for signal intensity standardization and normalization. Further, as T 1 and T 2 are related to tissue microstructure and biochemistry, quantitative images provide additional diagnostic information that can be compared between patient and control populations, for example through voxel-based analysis techniques. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2008
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