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BackgroundWe sought to define the radiologic features that differentiate neoplastic from non-neoplastic T2 hyperintensities (T2Hs) in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and identify those lesions most likely to require oncologic surveillance.MethodsWe conducted a single-center retrospective review of all available brain MRIs from 68 children with NF1 (n = 190) and 46 healthy pediatric controls (n = 104). All T2Hs identified on MRI were characterized based on location, border, shape, degree of T1 hypointensity, and presence of mass effect or contrast enhancement, and subsequently classified using newly established radiologic criteria as either unidentified bright objects (UBOs) or probable tumors. Lesion classification was pathologically confirmed in 10 NF1 cases.ResultsT2Hs were a highly sensitive (94.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 86.4%–98.5%) and specific (100.0%; 95% CI 92.3%–100.0%) marker for the diagnosis of NF1. UBOs constituted the majority of T2Hs (82%) and were most frequently located in cerebellar white matter, medial temporal lobe, and thalamus, where they were more likely than probable tumors to be bilateral (p < 0.001) and have nondiscrete borders (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, 57% of children with T2Hs harbored lesions classified as probable tumors, and 28% of children with probable tumors received treatment. In contrast to UBOs, probable tumors were most frequently located within the globus pallidus and medulla, and rarely occurred prior to 3 years of age.ConclusionsWith the implementation of standardized radiologic criteria, a high prevalence of brain tumors was identified in this at-risk population of children, of which nearly one-third required treatment, emphasizing the need for appropriate oncologic surveillance for patients with NF1 harboring nonoptic pathway brain tumors.