1. Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19
- Author
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Kanberg, Nelly, Ashton, Nicholas J, Andersson, Lars-Magnus, Yilmaz, Aylin, Lindh, Magnus, Nilsson, Staffan, Price, Richard W, Blennow, Kaj, Zetterberg, Henrik, and Gisslén, Magnus
- Subjects
Neurodegenerative ,Neurosciences ,Clinical Research ,Neurological ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Age Factors ,Aged ,Astrocytes ,Betacoronavirus ,Biomarkers ,COVID-19 ,Case-Control Studies ,Coronavirus Infections ,Female ,Follow-Up Studies ,Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ,Humans ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Neurofilament Proteins ,Neurons ,Pandemics ,Pneumonia ,Viral ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Severity of Illness Index ,Single Molecule Imaging ,Clinical Sciences ,Cognitive Sciences ,Neurology & Neurosurgery - Abstract
ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has an impact on the CNS by measuring plasma biomarkers of CNS injury.MethodsWe recruited 47 patients with mild (n = 20), moderate (n = 9), or severe (n = 18) COVID-19 and measured 2 plasma biomarkers of CNS injury by single molecule array, neurofilament light chain protein (NfL; a marker of intra-axonal neuronal injury) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp; a marker of astrocytic activation/injury), in samples collected at presentation and again in a subset after a mean of 11.4 days. Cross-sectional results were compared with results from 33 age-matched controls derived from an independent cohort.ResultsThe patients with severe COVID-19 had higher plasma concentrations of GFAp (p = 0.001) and NfL (p < 0.001) than controls, while GFAp was also increased in patients with moderate disease (p = 0.03). In patients with severe disease, an early peak in plasma GFAp decreased on follow-up (p < 0.01), while NfL showed a sustained increase from first to last follow-up (p < 0.01), perhaps reflecting a sequence of early astrocytic response and more delayed axonal injury.ConclusionWe show neurochemical evidence of neuronal injury and glial activation in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19. Further studies are needed to clarify the frequency and nature of COVID-19-related CNS damage and its relation to both clinically defined CNS events such as hypoxic and ischemic events and mechanisms more closely linked to systemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and consequent immune activation, as well as to evaluate the clinical utility of monitoring plasma NfL and GFAp in the management of this group of patients.
- Published
- 2020