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Introduction: The mechanisms of action of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) are complex and involve an interplay of immune system components. People with MS (PwMS) may lack a clear understanding of the immunological pathways involved in MS and its treatment; effective communication between healthcare professionals (HCPs) and PwMS is needed to facilitate shared decision-making when discussing the disease and selecting DMTs and is particularly important in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era. Methods: In this patient-authored two-part review, we performed a targeted literature search to assess the need for better communication between HCPs and PwMS regarding treatment selection, and also conducted a qualitative survey of four patient and care-partner authors to obtain insights regarding their understanding of and preferences for the treatment and management of MS. Results: Following a search of the Embase and MEDLINE databases using Ovid in June 2020, an analysis of 40 journal articles and conference abstracts relating to patient empowerment and decision-making in DMT selection for MS showed a preference for safety and efficacy of treatments, followed by autonomy and convenience of administration. A need for better communication between HCPs and PwMS during treatment selection to improve patient satisfaction was also identified. The open survey responses from the patient authors revealed a need for greater involvement in decision-making processes and desire for improved communication and information tools. Conclusions: This targeted literature search and phenomenological review confirms PwMS preferences for empowered decision-making in disease management and treatment selection, to optimize independence, safety, and efficacy. It also identifies an unmet need for improved communication and information tools that convey MS information in a relatable manner. Furthermore, this review seeks to address this unmet need by providing plain language figures and descriptions of MS immune mechanisms that can be used to facilitate discussions between HCPs and PwMS. Plain Language Summary: In multiple sclerosis (MS), there are different cells in the immune system that contribute to the disease. The main cells in the immune system are T and B cells. People with MS (PwMS) might not be familiar with details about the immune system, and healthcare professionals might not always communicate details about how treatments work clearly to PwMS when choosing treatments with them. It is important for PwMS to have all the information they need to help make decisions about treatments. This information needs to be given in a way they can understand. This is especially important during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this paper, we first looked at what research has already been published about what is most important to PwMS when making treatment decisions. The existing research says that safety and effectiveness are the most important things and that PwMS prefer treatments that they can take themselves. PwMS also need better communication and information from doctors to make decisions and to help explain how MS treatments work in the body. Next, we gave a survey to the patients who are authors of this paper to ask about what is important to them when making treatment decisions. Their answers were very similar to the existing research. Overall, PwMS need better communication from healthcare professionals about the immune system. This paper also includes plain language descriptions and figures to help healthcare professionals explain and discuss the importance of the immune system in MS with PwMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]