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Background: The need to study prognosis after incidence of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has fueled researchers to identify predictors apart from neurological, functional, or disability measures. The purpose of this study was to test and validate a newly developed clinico-biomarker assessment module in AIS and also to investigate the role of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after AIS. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled study with sample size of 250 patients suffering from AIS within 2 weeks of the index event were conducted and followed up for a period of three months. Age, gender, stroke subtype, previous stroke history, dysarthria, stroke localization, wakeup strokes, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were dichotomized as present or absent using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) which consists of four subcategories. The additional serum VEGF was scored between 1 and 4 (0–200 = 1, 200–300 = 2, 300–400 = 3, and 400–500 = 4). All these were summed under a clinical biomarker (CB) module with highest score of 30. Results: The mean VEGF in 125 patients was 378.4 + 98.9 pg/ml, indicating a moderately high increase with a score of 3 on CB module. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the CB model was fit to predict prognosis and severity [R2 = 0.86, F (23.4, 6);P = 0.001], with NIHSS subscore, prestroke status, and VEGF being very strong predictors. When only the clinical module was tested on all 250 patients, it was found that the NIHSS subscore, time to stroke onset and prestroke functional status were the most common [R2 = 0.79; F (45,9);P = 0.005]. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that VEGF is highly upregulated in AIS with severe disability as compared to healthy controls. This biomarker is a strong predictor of severity and functionality when combined with clinical variables three months post the ishemic event.

Acute ischemic stroke therapy is time sensitive, and optimum treatment is missed due to pre-hospital and/or in-hospital delay.A prospective observational (before and after) study was conducted for 1 year.The study period was defined as phase-I or pre-education phase, phase-II or immediate post-education phase, and phase-III or delayed post-education phase, with each phase lasting for 4months. All consecutive stroke patients presenting within 12 hours of stroke onset were enrolled. Baseline and outcome data including acute stroke care quality matrices and functional outcomes were collected.A total of 264 patients were enrolled. All acute stroke care quality matrices improved significantly (P ≤ 0.01) with a median door to imaging time (DTI) of 114, 35, and 47 minutes in the three phases consecutively. In phase-II, proportions of patients imaged within 25 minutes of arrival increased by 35%. Mean door to needle (DTN) time were 142 ± 49.7,63.7 ± 25.1, and 83.9 ± 38.1 minutes in the three consecutive phases. Patients with DTN60 minutes of arrival increased by 63%. Modified Rankin score (mRS) at 3 months improved significantly in all ischemic stroke patients (P = 0.04) and patients with mRS of 0-2 increased by 22%.Stroke education to emergency department (ED) staff is an effective method to improve acute stroke care.

Background: Solitary cysticercus granuloma (SCG) appearing as a single ring-enhancing lesion (SREL) is the most frequently encountered imaging finding in patients of neurocysticercosis (NCC) in India and during follow-up, most of SCGs resolve with or without calcifications. Recurrent SCG have been rarely reported. Objectives: The aim of our study is to report the incidence of recurrent SCG in a cohort of patients with SCG and postulate the hypothesis. Materials and methods: This retrospective study included 278 patients with SCG meeting the criteria of NCC. Their medical records and imaging studies were analyzed. Results: Out of 278 patients, 119 patients with SCG meeting the criteria of NCC with follow-up imaging were included. 15 (12.61%) had recurrent NCC and 104 (87.4%) patients did not have any recurrence during a median follow-up of 14.23 months (range; 0.24 - 113.3) and 25.26 months (range; 3.09- 98.11) respectively. Out of 15 recurrent NCC cases, ten patients had documented imaging resolution or partial regression of previous lesion followed by occurrence of new SCG in the same location, three patients had change in morphology of lesion from solitary discrete REL to solitary conglomerate REL secondary to development of new cysticercus granuloma adjacent to old lesion patients had recurrent lesions adjacent to previous lesion and two patients had new SCG in different locations following regression of old SCGs. Conclusion: Recurrent SCGs are not uncommon in NCC and recurrence is more likely to occur at the site of initial infection and therefore may be mistaken for persistent infection or other granulomatous lesions.

Background and Purpose: Although imaging is the mainstay to differentiate ischemic stroke (IS) from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), these facilities are not available everywhere. The present study observed if any blood biomarker(s) could potentially help differentiate between ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods: 250 patients with acute stroke within 24 hours of onset (187 IS and 63 patients with ICH) were recruited in the present study. The blood samples were collected closest to the hospital presentation time, but within 24 hours of stroke onset. Blood was analyzed for five biomarkers [S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit antibody (NR2), interleukin 6 (IL6) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)] to assess discriminatory ability of each biomarker to differentiate ICH and IS. Results: S100 levels were statistically higher among patients with ICH compared with IS (8 pg/ml versus 4.2 pg/ml respectively, P = 0.003) and IL6 was higher in patients with IS compared with ICH (12.9 pg/ml vs 8.76 pg/ml, P = 0.02). The discriminatory ability to differentiate ICH from IS was better using a combination of the above two biomarkers. The overall discriminatory ability of all biomarkers were low (Area under curve for S100 65%; GFAP 56%; NR2 53%; IL6 59% and BNP 49.8%). Although the positive predictive value of each biomarker was low, the negative predictive value was higher for all biomarkers to diagnose ICH. Conclusions: S100 and IL6 are potential biomarkers for further study and validation. Newer biomarkers with higher discriminatory ability are required in the future for diagnostic use.

Background: In-hospital care of stroke patients can reduce the risk of death and disability. There is an emerging evidence for the routine use of care pathways (CPs) for acute stroke management. Our aim was to develop evidence-based CPs and test the hypothesis that acute stroke management by CPs is superior to that provided by conventional care. Materials and Methods: An acute stroke CP was designed in accordance with the recent American Stroke Association (ASA)/American Heart Association (AHA) stroke guidelines and the Indian Academy of Neurology (IAN) stroke management guidelines in India. A total of 162 acute stroke patients, who were managed within 72 hours of onset of their symptoms, were enrolled prospectively in two groups-the stroke care pathway (CP) arm (n = 77) and the conventional care (CC) arm (n = 85). The incidence of aspiration pneumonia, complications during the hospital stay, and death or dependency at discharge and at 90 days were among the main outcomes of our study. Results: The CP arm had a lower incidence of aspiration pneumonia (AP) in comparison with the CC arm (6.5% vs. 15.3%, risk ratio [RR] = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.16-1.14, P = 0.062). The CP group had a decreased risk of requirement of mechanical ventilation (7.8% vs. 17.6%, odds ratio [OR] = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.14-1.07, P = 0.05). Barthel and modified Rankin Scale scores were similar in both the groups, but death at 90 days was significantly lesser in the CP arm (7.8% vs. 20%, P = 0.022). This benefit was most prominent in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) subgroup scoring 9-15 (RR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.03-0.71). There were no significant differences in the other outcome measures. Conclusion: Stroke CPs reduce the incidence of aspiration pneumonia, the need for mechanical ventilation, and the risk of death, when assessed at a follow-up of 90 days.

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Various clinical and imaging predictors of mortality have been observed in previous studies. Aims: To study factors associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with ICH and observe the disability status of patients [assessed by modified Rankin scale (mRS)] at the time of discharge. Design: Prospective observational study. Materials and Methods: All consecutive patients with acute hypertensive ICH admitted during the study period were enrolled. Data recorded included: Demographics, clinical, biochemical and cranial computed tomography (CT) findings. Primary outcome was defined as either death or survival within the hospital. mRS was used to assess outcome at discharge. Results: Of the total 214 patients with ICH (193 supratentorial and 21 infratentorial), 70 (32.7%) patients died during the hospital stay. On bivariate analysis, low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, ventilatory assistance, higher hematoma volume, midline shift, hydrocephalus and intraventricular hematoma (IVH) were associated with mortality. ICH grading scale (ICH-GS) and ICH scores were higher in patients who died (P < 0.0001). Ninety-five (44.6%) patients underwent a neurosurgical intervention; 66 (45.8%) patients among the survivors compared with 29 (41.4%) among those who died (P = 0.54, Odds Ratio (OR) 0.83, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.46-1.48). Independent predictors of mortality included a higher baseline hematoma volume ( P = 0.04 OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02), lower GCS ( P = 0.01 OR 2.57, 95%CI 1.25-5.29), intraventricular extension of hematoma ( P = 0.007 OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.26-5.56) and ventilatory requirement (P < 0.0001 OR 8.34, 95%CI 2.75-25.38). Among survivors (n = 144), most were disabled [mRS 0-3, 7 (4.8%) and mRS 4-5, 137 (95.13%)] at discharge. Conclusions: Low GCS, higher baseline ICH volume, presence of IVH and need for ventilatory assistance are independent predictors of mortality. Most of the patients at discharge were disabled. Surgery did not improve mortality or outcome.

Recovery in stroke is mediated by neural plasticity. Neuro-restorative therapies improve recovery after stroke by promoting repair and function. Mirror neuron system (MNS) has been studied widely in humans in stroke and phantom sensations.Study subjects included 20 patients with chronic stroke and 10 healthy controls. Patients had clinical disease-severity scores, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffuse tensor imaging (DTI) at baseline, 8 and at 24 weeks. Block design with alternate baseline and activation cycles was used with a total of 90 whole brain echo planar imaging (EPI) measurements (timed repetition (TR) = 4520 ms, timed echo (TE) = 44 ms, slices = 31, slice thickness = 4 mm, EPI factor 127, matrix = 128 × 128, FOV = 230 mm). Whole brain T1-weighted images were acquired using 3D sequence (MPRage) with 120 contiguous slices of 1.0 mm thickness. The mirror therapy was aimed via laptop system integrated with web camera, mirroring the movement of the unaffected hand. This therapy was administered for 5 days in a week for 60-90 min for 8 weeks.All the patients showed statistical significant improvement in Fugl Meyer and modified Barthel Index (P0.05) whereas the change in Medical Research Council (MRC) power grade was not significant post-therapy (8 weeks). There was an increase in the laterality index (LI) of ipsilesional BA 4 and BA 6 at 8 weeks exhibiting recruitment and focusing principles of neural plasticity.Mirror therapy simulated the "action-observation" hypothesis exhibiting recovery in patients with chronic stroke. Therapy induced cortical reorganization was also observed from our study.

Background: Patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) require assisted ventilation frequently. However, no single factor can predict ventilator requirement. Aims: To identify clinical variables which could predict the need for mechanical ventilation in GBS. Settings and Design: Tertiary hospital-based retrospective and prospective study. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-eight GBS patients studied were divided into two groups ventilated (Group 1) and non-ventilated (Group 2). Parameters assessed included age, gender, associated illness(es), antecedent events, first symptom at onset, time from onset to bulbar involvement, confinement to bed and peak disability, upper limb power and reflexes at nadir, presence of facial weakness, neck muscle weakness and autonomic dysfunction. Statistical Analysis: Multivariate predictors of ventilation were assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: There were 53 patients in Group 1 and 85 in Group 2. The mean age in the two groups was comparable. On bivariate analysis, simultaneous weakness of upper (UL) and lower (LL) limbs as the initial symptom (P

Background : Limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) type 2A is caused by mutation in the gene encoding for calpain-3 resulting in total or partial loss of protein. Diagnosis of LGMD2A, the most prevalent form of LGMD, is established by analyzing calpain-3 protein deficiency or CAPN3 gene mutation. Since there is no data from India regarding the incidence of LGMD2A, this study was undertaken. Aims : To study the frequency of LGMD2A in Indian population on the basis of protein analysis by immunoblotting and to correlate pathological and clinical features with protein analysis. Settings and Design : One hundred and seventy-one muscle biopsies of clinically suspected LGMD, unclassified muscular dystrophy or myopathy were analyzed in a tertiary national referral centre for neurosciences. Materials and Methods : Histopathological, immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical analysis of muscle biopsies was performed followed by protein analysis for calpain-3 and dysferlin by immunoblotting. Results : Immunoblot identified 75 patients (43.8%) with calpain-3 deficiency, of which 36 (45%) had complete loss and 39 (55%) had partial loss of calpain-3 protein. In patients with LGMD phenotype alone, the incidence of LGMD2A was 47%. The biopsies of these patients displayed variety of morphological changes ranging from dystrophic pattern with presence of active fibre necrosis, regeneration and lobulated fibres to end stage muscle disease. The mean age of presentation and disease onset was 24 and 18 years respectively. Conclusions : This series of 75 patients is probably the first confirmed cases of LGMD2A (calpainopathy) from India. Our study suggests that LGMD2A is the most frequent form of LGMD in India, similar to the Western data, thus, highlighting the importance of immunoblotting for an accurate diagnosis.

Background: Given the constraints of resources, thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is under evaluation in developing countries. Prothrombin time (PT), platelet count and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) may not be feasible within the time window. Aim: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of thrombolysis in selected patients without the coagulation profile. Design: Open, nonrandomized, observational study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four stroke patients were classified using TOAST criteria (large artery atherosclerotic = 13; cardioembolic = 12; small vessel occlusion = 22; other determined etiology =three; undetermined etiology = four). The mean time to reach emergency was 2.4h (1.15-3.4), the mean door to CT, 24 min (10-47) and the door to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) injection, 26.8 min (25-67). The NIHSS scores ranged from 11 to 22 (mean = 15.5 ± 2.7). Patients with history of liver or renal disease or those on anticoagulants were excluded. The PT, aPTT and platelet count were not done. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was administered at a dosage of 0.9 mg/Kg. Results: Thirty-five patients (65%) significantly improved on NIHSS at 48h (³4 points) (mean change = 10; range= 4-17). At one month, 43 (79%) improved on Barthel Index (mean change = 45%). One each developed small frontal lobe hemorrhage and recurrent stroke; one died of aspiration; and eight showed no improvement. Conclusions: Hyperacute thrombolysis was found useful and safe in selected patients with AIS even without the coagulation studies.