12 results on '"Paulus MP"'
Search Results
2. Depressed adolescents demonstrate greater subgenual anterior cingulate activity.
- Author
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Yang TT, Simmons AN, Matthews SC, Tapert SF, Frank GK, Bischoff-Grethe A, Lansing AE, Wu J, Brown GG, and Paulus MP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reaction Time, Task Performance and Analysis, Depressive Disorder physiopathology, Frontal Lobe physiopathology, Motor Activity physiology
- Abstract
Neuroimaging studies implicate the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) as a critical brain region in adult depression. However, unlike adult depression, little is known about the underlying neural substrates of adolescent depression, and there are no published data examining differences in sgACC activation between depressed and healthy adolescents. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine sgACC activity in 26 depressed and normal 13-17-year olds during the performance of a stop-signal task. Significantly greater sgACC activation was found in the depressed adolescents relative to controls. These results establish for the first time abnormal functioning of the sgACC in depressed adolescents and have important implications for understanding the underlying neural correlates and potential treatments of adolescent depression.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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3. Adolescent subgenual anterior cingulate activity is related to harm avoidance.
- Author
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Yang TT, Simmons AN, Matthews SC, Tapert SF, Frank GK, Bischoff-Grethe A, Lansing AE, Wu J, and Paulus MP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Functional Laterality physiology, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation methods, Reaction Time physiology, Emotions physiology, Gyrus Cinguli physiology, Personality physiology, Psychomotor Performance physiology
- Abstract
Recent adult studies suggest that the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) is involved in fundamental mental operations such as affective processing and inhibitory control. However, little is known about inhibition-associated sgACC function in adolescents, and there are no published data regarding whether personality characteristics are related to inhibition-associated sgACC brain activity in adolescents. This study examined the relationship between personality and inhibition-associated sgACC response in healthy adolescents. Seventeen adolescents of 13-17 years of age underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a parametric stop-signal task. Greater harm avoidance levels were significantly associated with increased inhibition-related sgACC activity. These results establish, for the first time, a link between personality and differential sgACC activation in adolescents.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Anxiety vulnerability is associated with altered anterior cingulate response to an affective appraisal task.
- Author
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Simmons A, Matthews SC, Feinstein JS, Hitchcock C, Paulus MP, and Stein MB
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Gyrus Cinguli blood supply, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen blood, Statistics, Nonparametric, Surveys and Questionnaires, Task Performance and Analysis, Affect, Anxiety pathology, Brain Mapping, Gyrus Cinguli physiopathology
- Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is critically involved not only in affective and anxiety processing, but also in error and conflict monitoring. To investigate how anxiety interacts with processing affective ambiguity, 15 anxious and 15 nonanxious individuals were scanned while performing a validated affective appraisal task, in which the fraction of faces of a particular affect or gender was parametrically controlled to provide various levels of ambiguity. The anxious group showed less ventral and greater dorsal ACC activation during ambiguous affective relative to ambiguous gender stimuli. For anxious individuals, dorsal ACC activation was related to a more biased response. Collectively, these data indicate that anxious individuals activate the dorsal and ventral components of the ACC differently during affective appraisal.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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5. The role of the striatum in implicit learning: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
- Author
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Reiss JP, Campbell DW, Leslie WD, Paulus MP, Stroman PW, Polimeni JO, Malcolmson KA, and Sareen J
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Corpus Striatum blood supply, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen blood, Reaction Time physiology, Corpus Striatum physiology, Learning physiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Abstract
Previous research has posited striatal involvement in implicit learning. However, imaging studies have not directly compared learners with non-learners. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging with 15 study participants, we used an implicit learning task previously associated with striatal recruitment. Dorsal and ventral striatum activation was observed in the eight participants who demonstrated implicit learning. Ventral striatum activations occurred to a greater extent in implicit learning versus non-implicit learning participants, and were correlated with the degree of reaction time advantage in implicit learning participants, even after controlling for general decreases in reaction time over time. These findings strengthen the specificity of the striatum in implicit learning and are suggestive of a dissociation of striatal regions relative to elements of implicit learning performance.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Dissociation of inhibition from error processing using a parametric inhibitory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging.
- Author
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Matthews SC, Simmons AN, Arce E, and Paulus MP
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation, Gyrus Cinguli physiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural Inhibition physiology, Prefrontal Cortex physiology, Psychomotor Performance physiology
- Abstract
Inhibition, the process that overrides and reverses the execution of a thought, action, or emotion, is important in daily life. Sixteen healthy volunteers performed a parametrically modulated motor inhibition task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two results were observed: (1) increased error-related anterior cingulate cortex activation and, (2) increased inferior frontal gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex activation during inhibition, irrespective of errors. Thus, the parametric nature of the task elucidated a functional dissociation of brain structures involved in motor inhibition from those involved in error processing. Additionally, this task allowed the identification of unique areas of increased activation within specific subregions of the anterior cingulate cortex related to errors made during trials with a high (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) and low (ventral anterior cingulate cortex) inhibitory load.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Cortical and subcortical brain regions involved in rule-based category learning.
- Author
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Filoteo JV, Maddox WT, Simmons AN, Ing AD, Cagigas XE, Matthews S, and Paulus MP
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- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Cerebral Cortex physiology, Chi-Square Distribution, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Male, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation methods, Brain Mapping methods, Frontal Lobe physiology, Learning physiology, Parietal Lobe physiology, Psychomotor Performance physiology
- Abstract
The brain regions contributing to rule-based category learning were examined using fMRI. Participants categorized single lines that varied in length and orientation into one of two categories. Category membership was based on the length of the line. Results indicated that left frontal and parietal regions were differentially activated in those participants who learned the task as compared to those who did not. Further, the head of the caudate displayed relative decreases in activation on incorrect trials relative to correct trials. The involvement of this latter structure is likely related to (1) processing an error signal, or (2) volitional switching between potential category rules. Results are consistent with theories suggesting that a frontal-striatal circuit is involved in rule-based category learning.
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- 2005
- Full Text
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8. Anticipation of emotionally aversive visual stimuli activates right insula.
- Author
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Simmons A, Matthews SC, Stein MB, and Paulus MP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Male, Middle Aged, Avoidance Learning physiology, Cerebral Cortex physiology, Emotions physiology, Functional Laterality physiology, Photic Stimulation methods
- Abstract
Understanding the neural substrates of anticipation is required for a comprehensive model of the ways in which anxiety influences information processing. While it is apparent that the insula and medial frontal cortex are involved in processing anticipation of physical (i.e., painful) stimuli, their role in processing anticipation of aversive affective stimuli has yet to be determined. Twenty-eight healthy non-phobic volunteers observed aversive affective images (spiders and snakes) that were preceded by an auditory signal. The insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus activated during anticipation of aversive affective images. These findings indicate that common neural circuitry is involved in the anticipation of (and, perhaps, the subjective experience of anticipating) aversive affective and noxious physical stimuli.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Selective activation of the nucleus accumbens during risk-taking decision making.
- Author
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Matthews SC, Simmons AN, Lane SD, and Paulus MP
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Functional Laterality physiology, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Male, Middle Aged, Nucleus Accumbens blood supply, Oxygen blood, Personality Inventory, Reaction Time physiology, Decision Making physiology, Nucleus Accumbens physiology, Risk-Taking
- Abstract
This study implemented a risk-taking task during fMRI to probe the brain circuitry involved in risk-taking decision-making in 12 healthy control subjects. Partially supporting the initial hypotheses, deliberation prior to selection of safe relative to risky responses generated greater activation in the inferior frontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus; and deliberation prior to selection of risky relative to safe responses generated greater activation in medial frontal cortex, occipital cortex, nucleus accumbens and caudate. Additionally, accumbens activation correlated positively with the harm avoidance subscale of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) 125. These findings may provide target neural systems to study in subjects who exhibit problematic risk-taking behaviors and may partially explain why certain risky behaviors occur.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation is critical for preference judgments.
- Author
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Paulus MP and Frank LR
- Subjects
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Discrimination, Psychological, Feedback, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Male, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex anatomy & histology, Visual Perception, Emotions physiology, Judgment physiology, Prefrontal Cortex physiology
- Abstract
Preference judgment, the process of selecting a response from several alternatives based on which alternative the subject likes best, is an important aspect of daily life. The current study examined whether neural substrates that are thought to be critical for generating somatic markers are involved in preference judgments. Fifteen healthy, right-handed subjects performed a preference judgment task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. The medial frontal gyrus was significantly more activated during the preference judgment trials, relative to visual discrimination trials. Other areas that were also differentially activated included the posterior parietal cortex, the anterior cingulate and the left anterior insula. These findings are consistent with the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the representation of complex appetitive states.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Error-rate-related caudate and parietal cortex activation during decision making.
- Author
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Verney SP, Brown GG, Frank L, and Paulus MP
- Subjects
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping methods, Female, Humans, Male, Caudate Nucleus physiology, Decision Making physiology, Parietal Lobe physiology
- Abstract
The role of cortical and subcortical structures in processing success or failure in decision-making situations is unclear. Functional neuroimaging (fMRI) during a two-choice prediction task was used to investigate the relationship between error-rate-related behavioral changes during decision-making and activation patterns in the caudate and parietal cortex. Success-related activation was found in caudate and parietal cortex during a two-choice prediction task. At low error rates, participants utilized success-related behavioral strategies rate by decreasing switching responses and increasing response predictability, which were associated with activation changes in the caudate and parietal cortex. Therefore, less response switching and increased response predictability during decision making can be directly related to the degree of activation in the caudate and posterior parietal cortex.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Habituation of attentional networks during emotion processing.
- Author
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Feinstein JS, Goldin PR, Stein MB, Brown GG, and Paulus MP
- Subjects
- Adult, Facial Expression, Female, Frontal Lobe physiology, Functional Laterality physiology, Gyrus Cinguli physiology, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Parietal Lobe physiology, Photic Stimulation, Attention physiology, Emotions physiology, Habituation, Psychophysiologic physiology
- Abstract
Dysfunctional emotion processing is a key aspect of many neuropsychiatric disorders. This dysfunction may be due to an abnormal magnitude of neural substrate activation during emotion processing or due to an altered time course of the neural substrate response. To better understand the temporal characteristics of the neural substrate activation underlying implicit emotion processing, nine healthy female controls were repeatedly exposed to pictures of affective faces while performing a gender identification task in an fMRI. As the salience of the stimuli decreased with repeated exposure, brain areas implicated in a right hemispheric spatial attention network (including the posterior parietal cortex (BA 40) and the frontal eye fields (BA 6)) habituated while brain areas lateralized to the left hemisphere (including the angular gyrus (BA 39), posterior superior temporal gyrus (BA 39) and insula (BA 13)) sensitized. These results provide strong evidence that the time course of activation is a critical component when assessing the function of neural substrates underlying emotion processing (specifically whether habituation is altered) in neuro-psychiatric patients.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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