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Process-based vegetation models attempt to represent the wide range of trait variation in biomes by grouping ecologically similar species into plant functional types (PFTs). This approach has been successful in representing many aspects of plant physiology and biophysics but struggles to capture biogeographic history and ecological dynamics that determine biome boundaries and plant distributions. Grass-dominated ecosystems are broadly distributed across all vegetated continents and harbour large functional diversity, yet most Land Surface Models (LSMs) summarise grasses into two generic PFTs based primarily on differences between temperate C3 grasses and (sub)tropical C4 grasses. Incorporation of species-level trait variation is an active area of research to enhance the ecological realism of PFTs, which form the basis for vegetation processes and dynamics in LSMs. Using reported measurements, we developed grass functional trait values (physiological, structural, biochemical, anatomical, phenological, and disturbance-related) of dominant lineages to improve LSM representations. Our method is fundamentally different from previous efforts, as it uses phylogenetic relatedness to create lineage-based functional types (LFTs), situated between species-level trait data and PFT-level abstractions, thus providing a realistic representation of functional diversity and opening the door to the development of new vegetation models.

Summary: Savannas cover a significant fraction of the Earth's land surface. In these ecosystems, C3 trees and C4 grasses coexist persistently, but the mechanisms explaining coexistence remain subject to debate. Different quantitative models have been proposed to explain coexistence, but these models make widely contrasting assumptions about which mechanisms are responsible for savanna persistence. Here, we show that no single existing model fully captures all key elements required to explain tree–grass coexistence across savanna rainfall gradients, but many models make important contributions. We show that recent empirical work allows us to combine many existing elements with new ideas to arrive at a synthesis that combines elements of two dominant frameworks: Walter's two‐layer model and demographic bottlenecks. We propose that functional rooting separation is necessary for coexistence and is the crux of the coexistence problem. It is both well‐supported empirically and necessary for tree persistence, given the comprehensive grass superiority for soil moisture acquisition. We argue that eventual tree dominance through shading is precluded by ecohydrological constraints in dry savannas and by fire and herbivores in wet savannas. Strong asymmetric grass–tree competition for soil moisture limits tree growth, exposing trees to persistent demographic bottlenecks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common theme in plant physiological research is the trade-off between stress tolerance and growth; an example of this trade-off at the tissue level is the safety vs efficiency hypothesis, which suggests that plants with the greatest resistance to hydraulic failure should have low maximum hydraulic conductance., Here, we quantified the leaf-level drought tolerance of nine C4 grasses as the leaf water potential at which plants lost 50% ( P50 × RR) of maximum leaf hydraulic conductance ( Ksat), and compared this trait with other leaf-level and whole-plant functions., We found a clear trade-off between Ksat and P50 × RR when Ksat was normalized by leaf area and mass ( P = 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). However, no trade-off existed between P50 × RR and gas-exchange rates; rather, there was a positive relationship between P50 × RR and photosynthesis ( P = 0.08). P50 × RR was not correlated with species distributions based on precipitation ( P = 0.70), but was correlated with temperature during the wettest quarter of the year ( P < 0.01)., These results suggest a trade-off between safety and efficiency in the hydraulic system of grass leaves, which can be decoupled from other leaf-level functions. The unique physiology of C4 plants and adaptations to pulse-driven systems may provide mechanisms that could decouple hydraulic conductance from other plant functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• While studies of modern plants indicate negative responses to low [CO₂] that occurred during the last glacial period, studies with glacial plant material that incorporate evolutionary responses are rare. In this study, physiological responses to changing [CO₂] were compared between glacial (La Brea tar pits) and modern Juniperus trees from southern California. • Carbon isotopes were measured on annual rings of glacial and modern Juniperus. The intercellular:atmospheric [CO₂] ratio (c(i) /c(a) ) and intercellular [CO₂] (c(i) ) were then calculated on an annual basis and compared through geologic time. • Juniperus showed constant mean c(i) /c(a) between the last glacial period and modern times, spanning 50,000 yr. Interannual variation in physiology was greatly dampened during the last glacial period relative to the present, indicating constraints of low [CO₂] that reduced responses to other climatic factors. Furthermore, glacial Juniperus exhibited low c(i) that rarely occurs in modern trees, further suggesting limiting [CO₂] in glacial plants. • This study provides some of the first direct evidence that glacial plants remained near their lower carbon limit until the beginning of the glacial-interglacial transition. Our results also suggest that environmental factors that dominate carbon-uptake physiology vary across geologic time, resulting in major alterations in physiological response patterns through time., (© 2011 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2011 New Phytologist Trust.)