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Cell number and size are essential factors in determining the final size of the fruit. However, studies on the cellular changes and molecular mechanisms of jujube fruit size development are still unclear. In this study, changes in fruit length, width, weight, and corresponding mesocarp cells were measured during jujube fruit development. The results showed that cell division and cell expansion jointly participated in the first rapid growth stage of fruit size, and cell expansion was the main factor in the second rapid growth stage of fruit size. In a further study, transcriptome sequencing was used to analyse the expression profile of fruit size's first rapid growth stage. Most of these DEGs were assigned to seven significant trends. Three genes related to the auxin signal transduction pathway and three genes related to the brassinosteroid biosynthesis signal transduction pathway were detected to be directly related to cell enlargement and cell division, respectively, which may regulate the first rapid growth of fruit size. In conclusion, candidate genes were provided for regulating fruit size in this study, which is beneficial for analysing the molecular mechanism of fruit size and lays a foundation for breeding large-fruit jujube cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]