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1. Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation

Author

V. Moncada, S. C. Liu, M. Winkler, P. Pölöskei, A. Tancetti, Naoki Tamura, H. Neilson, M. Krychowiak, Michael Drevlak, K. H. Schlüter, S. A. Henneberg, R. Vilbrandt, N. A. Pablant, M. Schröder, B. van Milligen, Bernd Heinemann, K. Rummel, Jonathan Schilling, Torsten Stange, G. Orozco, Christian Brandt, N. Krawczyk, Suguru Masuzaki, Yunfeng Liang, T. Estrada, Wolfgang Biel, J. H. Harris, B. Unterberg, M. Sleczka, M. Marushchenko, R. Lang, N. Rust, J. P. Kallmeyer, Laurie Stephey, P. Aleynikov, E. Blanco, Hans-Stephan Bosch, B. Buttenschön, D. Mellein, B. Shanahan, M. Vervier, M. Yokoyama, C. Suzuki, Seung Gyou Baek, A. Lücke, Felix Schauer, Ya. I. Kolesnichenko, V. Borsuk, Th. Rummel, B. Gonçalves, R. König, H. P. Laqua, G. Ehrke, K. J. McCarthy, Manfred Zilker, Venanzio Giannella, O. P. Ford, E. Flom, S. Murakami, Andreas Schlaich, P. Xanthopoulos, M. Zanini, E. Ascasíbar, C. Nührenberg, A. Carls, H. Viebke, Y. Feng, A. da Molin, H. Hunger, S. Paqay, Y. Wei, M. Blatzheim, M. W. Jakubowski, F. Köster, T. Wauters, J.C. Schmitt, M. Hubeny, P. van Eeten, H. Damm, Joris Fellinger, Gábor Cseh, Christoph Biedermann, G. Claps, L. Rudischhauser, R. Stadler, J. Mittelstaedt, Matteo Zuin, Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy, M. Knaup, Ch. Linsmeier, Francisco Castejón, J. P. Koschinsky, Bernardo B. Carvalho, L. Wegener, C. Guerard, J.M. Hernández Sánchez, B. Mendelevitch, A. Grosman, S. Pingel, Horacio Fernandes, M. Endler, N. Vianello, Jörg Schacht, Anett Spring, Yu Gao, V. Rohde, Samuel Lazerson, J.H. Matthew, W. Kasparek, R. Neu, R. Burhenn, N. Panadero, Jörg Weggen, P.A. Kurz, Walter H. Fietz, R. Schroeder, Andrea Pavone, G. Offermanns, Ryo Yasuhara, P. Sinha, Massimiliano Romé, José Luis Velasco, Carsten Killer, P. Drewelow, X. Han, T. Windisch, Nengchao Wang, Axel Könies, E.M. Edlund, K. P. Hollfeld, K. Aleynikova, Malte Henkel, Detlev Reiter, S. Brezinsek, Z. Huang, Heinz Grote, S. Langish, Matthias Otte, Alessandro Zocco, Daniel Papenfuß, G. Satheeswaran, Monika Kubkowska, S. Obermayer, G. A. Wurden, Carsten Lechte, F. Wagner, M. Gruca, H. Zhang, Olaf Neubauer, Peter Traverso, T. Ngo, V. Bykov, E. Sánchez, Matt Landreman, Dirk Naujoks, I. Vakulchyk, Andreas Langenberg, E. Wang, B. Hein, I. Ksiazek, S. Valet, Mark Cianciosa, G. Schlisio, Taina Kurki-Suonio, Oliver Schmitz, Adnan Ali, F. Reimold, Shinsuke Satake, Luis Vela Vela, C. Slaby, F. Remppel, David Gates, S. Schmuck, B. Roth, Zhirui Wang, Heinrich P. Laqua, F. Schluck, Olaf Grulke, S. Wadle, A. Runov, Manfred Thumm, Florian Effenberg, G. Fuchert, A. Vorköper, M. Banduch, Jonathan T. Green, J. Nührenberg, F. V. Chernyshev, H. Braune, Ewa Pawelec, David Maurer, A. Winter, A. Charl, Hiroshi Kasahara, T. Mizuuchi, D. Zhang, D. Höschen, J. Riemann, Thomas Klinger, W. Leonhardt, S. Sipliä, Katsumi Ida, T. Jesche, G. Pelka, U. Stridde, Riccardo Nocentini, Alexandra M. Freund, P. McNeely, A. Gogoleva, Victoria Winters, V. Szabó, Wolf-Dieter Schneider, D. A. Hartmann, Fabian Wilde, H. Schumacher, J. Howard, A. van Vuuren, J.L. Terry, M. Nagel, C. Hidalgo, Georg Kühner, S. Wolf, Boyd Blackwell, Michael Cole, Barbara Cannas, D. Rondeshagen, P. Hacker, Torsten Bluhm, J. Kacmarczyk, Kunihiro Ogawa, A. Zeitler, I. Yamada, P. Rong, Tamara Andreeva, Hiroshi Yamada, G. Anda, N. Panadero Alvarez, Wilfried Behr, F. Purps, H. Esteban, Dag Hathiramani, R. Bussiahn, David Ennis, A. H. Reiman, D. R. Mikkelsen, M. Borchardt, B. Israeli, M. Grahl, M. Losert, T. Dittmar, E. Pasch, U. Kamionka, Toru Ii Tsujimura, Gabriel G. Plunk, Felix Warmer, Jeremy Lore, F. Durodié, M. Balden, B.J. Peterson, J.P. Bähner, R. Schrittwieser, Morten Stejner, M.J. Cole, S. Zoletnik, Kian Rahbarnia, O. Marchuk, T. Bräuer, M. Hirsch, R. Riedl, W. Figacz, H. Trimino Mora, S. Degenkolbe, H. Greuner, B. Böswirth, B. Schweer, Dorothea Gradic, S. B. Ballinger, S. Ryosuke, B. Missal, Jiawu Zhu, J. H. E. Proll, M. Czerwinski, A. Cappa, B. Wiegel, J. Loizu Cisquella, Per Helander, Sehyun Kwak, S. Marsen, L. Carraro, T. Ilkei, D. Pilopp, Gábor Náfrádi, S. Récsei, M. Houry, A. de la Peña, Yu. Turkin, T.A. Scherer, T. Schröder, A. Galkowski, P. Drews, H. Frerichs, Benedikt Geiger, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Dibon, L.-G. Böttger, A. Czarnecka, R. Krampitz, J. Wendorf, N. Chaudhary, T. Kremeyer, A. da Silva, R. Kleiber, R. Sakamoto, J.-M. Travere, I. Abramovic, T. Funaba, Andreas Meier, Fabio Pisano, Holger Niemann, Mirko Salewski, R. Brakel, M. Mayer, X. Huang, Stefan Illy, Ph. Mertens, Naoki Kenmochi, F. Köchl, Peter Lang, J. Geiger, Albert Mollén, A. Hölting, T. Barbui, M. Lennartz, T. Szabolics, Hayato Tsuchiya, S. Renard, A. Lorenz, J. Krom, C. D. Beidler, J. Cai, Andreas Dinklage, Anne White, Ye. O. Kazakov, P. Junghanns, W. Spiess, J. M. García Regaña, S. Elgeti, J. W. Coenen, Thomas Sunn Pedersen, C. Li, T. Mönnich, Miklos Porkolab, R. Laube, Burkhard Plaum, A. Benndorf, Michael Kramer, J. Ongena, J. Svensson, Dmitry Moseev, U. Wenzel, Chandra Prakash Dhard, S. Tulipán, M. C. Zarnstorff, M. Sibilia, A. von Stechow, G. M. Weir, H. Maaßberg, U. Höfel, P. Scholz, Alexey Mishchenko, R. C. Wolf, D. Carralero, G. Kocsis, Ivan Calvo, J. Tretter, Didier Chauvin, Y. Li, J. Boscary, A. Puig Sitjes, Fumimichi Sano, Andrey Samartsev, Tamás Szepesi, A. Kirschner, Dirk Nicolai, Francesco Cordella, M. Rack, A. Alonso, G. Czymek, E. R. Scott, M. E. Puiatti, Stefan Kragh Nielsen, M. Vergote, H. Schmitz, H. Jenzsch, Donald A. Spong, K. Czerski, A. Knieps, Arnold Lumsdaine, L. Ryć, M. N. A. Beurskens, Matthias F. Schneider, Simppa Äkäslompolo, Ulrich Neuner, V. Perseo, Jim-Felix Lobsien, Gerd Gantenbein, Roberto Guglielmo Citarella, L. Pacios Rodriguez, L. Vano, S. Bozhenkov, J. W. Oosterbeek, H. Röhlinger, J. P. Knauer, T. Nishizawa, A.H. Wright, M. Jia, A. Goriaev, H. Brand, D. Böckenhoff, H. M. Smith, J. P. Thomas, T. Fornal, J. Baldzuhn, D. Loesser, K. Risse, John Jelonnek, T. Wegner, S. Jablonski, Martina Huber, V. V. Lutsenko, S. Sereda, J. Ölmanns, Tomohiro Morisaki, H. Thomsen, J. A. Alcuson, P. Kornejew, J M Fontdecaba, Kai Jakob Brunner, A. Werner, T. Kobarg, European Commission, University of Greifswald, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Princeton University, National Institute for Fusion Science, CIEMAT, EURATOM HAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Research Center Julich, Australian National University, Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Cagliari, Consorzio RFX, Universidade de Lisboa, CEA Cadarache, St. Petersburg Scientific Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Salerno, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, University of Szczecin, University of Milano-Bicocca, Auburn University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, University of Stuttgart, Austrian Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Technical University of Berlin, Opole University of Technology, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Maryland College Park, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Kyoto University, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
Technology, CONFINEMENT, 01 natural sciences, impurities, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, ECR heating, Divertor, DENSITY LIMIT, law, Data_FILES, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), 004 Datenverarbeitung, Informatik, Physics, Glow discharge, Condensed Matter Physics, Content (measure theory), ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Electron temperature, Atomic physics, ddc:620, Stellarator, Impurities, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology and Engineering, plasma performance, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, PHYSICS, stellarator, Physics::Plasma Physics, NBI heating, 0103 physical sciences, divertor, 010306 general physics, Helium, Plasma performance, turbulence, Física, W7-X, Turbulence, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, chemistry, ddc:004, ddc:600, Energy (signal processing), SYSTEM
Abstract

The optimized superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X (with major radius , minor radius , and plasma volume) restarted operation after the assembly of a graphite heat shield and 10 inertially cooled island divertor modules. This paper reports on the results from the first high-performance plasma operation. Glow discharge conditioning and ECRH conditioning discharges in helium turned out to be important for density and edge radiation control. Plasma densities of with central electron temperatures were routinely achieved with hydrogen gas fueling, frequently terminated by a radiative collapse. In a first stage, plasma densities up to were reached with hydrogen pellet injection and helium gas fueling. Here, the ions are indirectly heated, and at a central density of a temperature of with was transiently accomplished, which corresponds to with a peak diamagnetic energy of and volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure . The routine access to high plasma densities was opened with boronization of the first wall. After boronization, the oxygen impurity content was reduced by a factor of 10, the carbon impurity content by a factor of 5. The reduced (edge) plasma radiation level gives routinely access to higher densities without radiation collapse, e.g. well above line integrated density and central temperatures at moderate ECRH power. Both X2 and O2 mode ECRH schemes were successfully applied. Core turbulence was measured with a phase contrast imaging diagnostic and suppression of turbulence during pellet injection was observed.

Published
2019
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2. High-performance plasmas after pellet injections in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

N. A. Pablant, G. A. Wurden, H. P. Laqua, Andreas Langenberg, P. Xanthopoulos, A. von Stechow, H. M. Smith, Samuel Lazerson, Matthias Otte, Kian Rahbarnia, J. Baldzuhn, Olaf Grulke, Dmitry Moseev, G. Fuchert, D. Zhang, Andrea Pavone, Torsten Stange, H. Thomsen, R. C. Wolf, E. Pasch, E. R. Scott, J. P. Knauer, U. Höfel, J. H. E. Proll, J. Geiger, M. Krychowiak, M. N. A. Beurskens, Z. Huang, M. Hirsch, O. P. Ford, H. Damm, Yu. Turkin, J. A. Alcuson, S. Bozhenkov, Kai Jakob Brunner, Javier Alonso, Ye. O. Kazakov, Christian Brandt, Nikolai B. Marushchenko, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Hydrogen, Plasma parameters, Pellets, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, stellarator, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, Phase (matter), 0103 physical sciences, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, chemistry, Heat transfer, Atomic physics, improved confinement, pellet injection, heat transport, Stellarator
Abstract

A significant improvement of plasma parameters in the optimized stellarator W7-X is found after injections of frozen hydrogen pellets. The ion temperature in the post-pellet phase exceeds 3 keV with 5 MW of electron heating and the global energy confinement time surpasses the empirical ISS04-scaling. The plasma parameters realized in such experiments are significantly above those in comparable gas-fuelled discharges. In this paper, we present details of these pellet experiments and discuss the main plasma properties during the enhanced confinement phases. Local power balance is applied to show that the heat transport in post-pellet phases is close to the neoclassical level for the ion channel and is about a factor of two above that level for the combined losses. In comparable gas-fuelled discharges, the heat transport is by about ten times larger than the neoclassical level, and thus is largely anomalous. It is further observed that the improvement in the transport is related to the peaked density profiles that lead to a stabilization of the ion-scale turbulence.

Published
2020
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3. Confinement in Wendelstein 7-X limiter plasmas

Author

Andreas Langenberg, Olaf Grulke, M. Krychowiak, Fabio Pisano, R. Brakel, N. Krawczyk, Monika Kubkowska, E. Blanco, Hans-Stephan Bosch, P. Kornejew, M. Hirsch, T. Fornal, J. Baldzuhn, Tamás Szepesi, Tamara Andreeva, Matthias Otte, H. P. Laqua, N. A. Pablant, A. Werner, M. W. Jakubowski, Nikolai B. Marushchenko, T. Schröder, C. D. Beidler, E. Pasch, A. Czarnecka, Samuel Lazerson, V. Moncada, Yu. Turkin, Torsten Stange, Christoph Biedermann, M. Endler, R. Burhenn, Dirk Naujoks, S. Marsen, J. Geiger, J. H. Harris, H. Trimino Mora, T. Estrada, A. Cappa, Andreas Dinklage, B. Buttenschön, R. König, Dmitry Moseev, H. Thomsen, G. M. Weir, J. P. Knauer, H. Maaßberg, A. Alonso, G. A. Wurden, S. A. Bozhenkov, D. Zhang, Thomas Sunn Pedersen, U. Wenzel, Hayato Tsuchiya, M. N. A. Beurskens, Laurie Stephey, Tom Wauters, Kian Rahbarnia, Thomas Klinger, G. Kocsis, I. Ksiazek, D. A. Hartmann, U. Höfel, A. Krämer-Flecken, G. Fuchert, R. C. Wolf, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, stellarator, confinement, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, energy confinement, 010305 fluids & plasmas
Abstract

Observations on confinement in the first experimental campaign on the optimized Stellarator Wendelstein 7-X are summarized. In this phase W7-X was equipped with five inboard limiters only and thus the discharge length restricted to avoid local overheating. Stationary plasmas are limited to low densities

Published
2017
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4. Validation of the BEAMS3D neutral beam deposition model on Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Tamara Andreeva, M. N. A. Beurskens, P. Valson, Simppa Äkäslompolo, G. Fuchert, Ulrich Neuner, E. R. Scott, Adnan Ali, Dirk Hartmann, Carolin Nuehrenberg, N. A. Pablant, J. P. Knauer, E. Pasch, Kian Rahbarnia, M. Hirsch, P. Pölöskei, R. C. Wolf, U. Hoefel, N. Chaudhary, Andrea Pavone, M. W. Jakubowski, Nikolai B. Marushchenko, Mike Machielsen, N. Rust, Philipp Nelde, Yuriy Turkin, Jonathan Schilling, Holger Niemann, P. Traverso, Samuel Lazerson, S. A. Bozhenkov, O. P. Ford, Uwe Hergenhahn, A. Spanier, Andreas Langenberg, H. Thomsen, L. Vano, Christian Brandt, G. M. Weir, Aleix Puig Sitjes, Tristan W. C. Neelis, David Pfefferlé, R. Koenig, Yu Gao, Jonathan Graves, Kai Jakob Brunner, P. McNeely, H. Damm, Torsten Stange, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Department of Applied Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Western Australia, United States Department of Energy, Auburn University, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, neutral beam, Cyclotron, Plasma confinement, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, stellarator, beams3d, law, 0103 physical sciences, Deposition (phase transition), fast ions, 010306 general physics, Stellarator, Plasma density, validation, Physics, magnetic confinement, Magnetic confinement fusion, simulation, Condensed Matter Physics, BEAMS3D, magnetic confnement, Wendelstein 7-X, Atomic physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion The neutral beam deposition model in the BEAMS3D code is validated against neutral beam attenuation data from Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X). A set of experimental discharges where the neutral beam injection system of W7-X was utilized were reconstructed. These discharges scanned the magnetic configurations and plasma densities of W7-X. The equilibrium reconstructions were performed using STELLOPT which calculates three-dimensional self-consistent ideal magnetohydrodynamic equilibria and kinetic profiles. These reconstructions leveraged new capabilities to incorporate electron cyclotron emission and X-ray imaging diagnostics in the STELLOPT code. The reconstructed equilibria and profiles served as inputs for BEAMS3D calculations of neutral beam deposition in W7-X. It is found that if reconstructed kinetic profiles are utilized, good agreement between measured and simulated beam attenuation is found. As deposition models provide initial conditions for fast-ion slowing down calculations, this work provides a first steptowards validating our ability to predict fast ion confinement in stellarators.

Published
2020
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5. Diamagnetic energy measurement during the first operational phase at the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

G. Fuchert, Tamara Andreeva, Wendelstein X Team, H. Thomsen, Torsten Bluhm, Bernardo B. Carvalho, A. Werner, Kian Rahbarnia, Dag Hathiramani, J. Geiger, Jonathan Schilling, Ulrich Neuner, M. Endler, Manfred Zilker, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Thomson scattering, Phase (waves), Condensed Matter Physics, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Magnetic field, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Diamagnetism, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, Stellarator
Published
2018
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6. Observations of the effects of magnetic topology on the SOL characteristics of an electromagnetic coherent mode in the first experimental campaign of W7-X

Author

P. Drews, J. Geiger, E. Pasch, M. Rack, Xiuwen Han, Yu Gao, J. Cai, G. Fuchert, D. Höschen, Y. Wei, A. Knieps, J. Cosfeld, U. Hoefel, West Team, Nengchao Wang, Kian Rahbarnia, M. Hirsch, S. C. Liu, Malte Henkel, Olaf Grulke, Dirk Nicolai, Yunfeng Liang, B. Schweer, G. Satheeswaran, A. Charl, S. Sereda, E. Wang, Carsten Killer, A. Krämer-Flecken, G. M. Weir, N. Sandri, T. Windisch, R. König, Olaf Neubauer, K. P. Hollfeld, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Mode (statistics), Topology (electrical circuits), 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Topology, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas
Published
2018
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7. Global energy confinement in the initial limiter configuration of Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Andreas Langenberg, N. A. Pablant, M. Beurskens, Kian Rahbarnia, G. Fuchert, J. Svensson, Tamara Andreeva, J. P. Knauer, E. Pasch, A. Alonso, H. Trimino Mora, D. Zhang, T. Sunn Pedersen, G. A. Wurden, M. Hirsch, S. A. Bozhenkov, U. Höfel, Torsten Stange, Yuriy Turkin, C. D. Beidler, H. P. Laqua, R. C. Wolf, Wendelstein X Team, Holger Niemann, J. Geiger, Andreas Dinklage, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Global energy, Nuclear engineering, Divertor, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, Limiter, Radiative transfer, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, Scaling, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

Global confinement properties of the limiter plasmas of the first operational campaign of W7-X are investigated with special focus on the energy confinement and possible operational limits. The energy confinement time was found to be close to expectations from the empirical ISS04 scaling for stellarators. Absolute values up to 160 ms were achieved. This can be considered as a great success for the initial operation of the device. However, a clear degradation of the performance was observed when radiative losses became significant, which was typically the case at low heating power. While a significant improvement of the plasma purity is expected during divertor operation, the presented results underline the importance of the impurity dynamics for the development of high-performance steady-state scenarios in W7-X. Furthermore, comparisons of the global performance properties with neoclassical transport modeling are presented. These studies are not yet fully conclusive, which could indicate that anomalous transport may have played an essential role in the low-density OP1.1 plasmas.

Published
2018
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8. The effects of magnetic topology on the scrape-off layer turbulence transport in the first divertor plasma operation of Wendelstein 7-X using a new combined probe

Author

S. Xu, Malte Henkel, J. Q. Cai, Olaf Grulke, Xiang Gao, Yu Gao, A. Knieps, A. Krämer-Flecken, S. C. Liu, P. Drews, U. Hoefel, Olaf Neubauer, Wendelstein X Team, J. Geiger, A. Charl, Kenneth Hammond, M. Hirsch, E. Pasch, Yunfeng Liang, Dirk Nicolai, Kian Rahbarnia, Yan Li, R. König, Carsten Killer, B. Schweer, Ning Yan, G. Satheeswaran, D. Höschen, Huiqian Wang, J. Cosfeld, N. Sandri, Guosheng Xu, S. Sereda, E. H. Wang, M. Rack, Xiuwen Han, G. Fuchert, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Turbulence, Divertor, Topology (electrical circuits), Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, 0103 physical sciences, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, Layer (electronics)
Published
2019
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9. Effects of toroidal plasma current on divertor power depositions on Wendelstein 7-X.

Author

Yu Gao, Joachim Geiger, Marcin W. Jakubowski, Peter Drewelow, Michael Endler, Kian Rahbarnia, Sergey Bozhenkov, Matthias Otte, Yasuhiro Suzuki, Yuhe Feng, Holger Niemann, Fabio Pisano, Adnan Ali, Aleix Puig Sitjes, Marco Zanini, Heinrich Laqua, Torsten Stange, Stefan Marsen, Tamas Szepesi, and Daihong Zhang

Subjects
PLASMA currents, TOROIDAL plasma, HEAT flux, VACUUM arcs, MAGNETIC fields, VACUUM
Abstract

The paper presents experimental observations and simulations for the effects of toroidal plasma current on divertor power depositions on W7-X. With increasing toroidal current accompanying changes in the island geometry result in a sweep of the strike line and a redistribution of the heat flux footprints. Good agreement between experiments, which partly used electron cyclotron current drive to generate an additional toroidal current contribution, and modelling using field line tracing in vacuum magnetic fields including an ad-hoc toroidal current on the magnetic axis is found for both standard and low-iota magnetic configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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10. Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

H. Maaßberg, M. Grahl, V. Moncada, Marek Scholz, Naoki Tamura, H. Neilson, R. Koziol, M. Krychowiak, A. Lücke, T. Estrada, R. Munk, M. Marushchenko, K. Toi, Heinrich P. Laqua, S. Paqay, Olaf Grulke, K. Baumann, A. Czermak, Ivan Calvo, Yasuhiro Suzuki, P.J. Heitzenroeder, H. Hölbe, G. Offermanns, Gintautas Dundulis, U. Stridde, H. Hunger, S. Valet, P. Denner, N. Krawczyk, O. Mishchenko, Andrey Samartsev, Mantas Povilaitis, Andrea Pavone, H. Schumacher, P. Aleynikov, H. P. Laqua, U. Wenzel, M. Sibilia, J. Ongena, Kian Rahbarnia, A. Galkowski, T.A. Scherer, C. Slaby, J. Nührenberg, H.-J. Roscher, Martin Köppen, L.-G. Böttger, A. Czarnecka, R. Krampitz, M. Zilker, T. Kremeyer, J. Wendorf, V. Bykov, A. Goriaev, Josef Preinhaelter, A. Alonso, Peter Titus, G. Czymek, Andreas Langenberg, Matteo Zuin, A. Gogoleva, F. Musielok, A. Zeitler, Andreas Schlaich, P. Xanthopoulos, Victoria Winters, M. Losert, D. A. Hartmann, Roberto Guglielmo Citarella, L. Pacios Rodriguez, Boyd Blackwell, E. Blanco, Hans-Stephan Bosch, R. König, R. Stadler, J. Mittelstaedt, Ch. Linsmeier, U. Höfel, N. Panadero Alvarez, E. Pasch, Francesco Cordella, M. Knaup, Fabian Wilde, M. C. Zarnstorff, B. Mendelevitch, Toru Ii Tsujimura, T. Szabolics, Hayato Tsuchiya, J.C. Schmitt, Tadas Kaliatka, Sadayoshi Murakami, Samuel Lazerson, W. Spiess, J. M. García Regaña, P. Junghans, María Sánchez, A. Grosman, I. Yamada, K. P. Hollfeld, K. Aleynikova, Gábor Náfrádi, T. Krings, Daniel Papenfuß, José Luis Velasco, P. Drewelow, N. A. Pablant, S. Renard, Alessandro Zocco, F. Wagner, D. Böckenhoff, S. Ryosuke, Michael Kramer, A. Vorkörper, M. Turnyanskiy, R. Riedl, W. Figacz, H. Trimino Mora, A. da Silva, D. Gradic, M. Keunecke, A. Pieper, M. Houry, S. Pingel, K. H. Schlüter, J. Loizu Cisquella, L. Carraro, S. Schmuck, M. Banduch, Sehyun Kwak, T. Ilkei, X. Huang, Stefan Illy, N. Fahrenkamp, I. Vakulchyk, G. Kocsis, Ph. Mertens, T. Morizaki, K. Czerski, F. V. Chernyshev, Bernd Heinemann, L. Lewerentz, B.J. Peterson, Francisco Castejón, Olaf Neubauer, D. Zhang, Torsten Bluhm, F. Köchl, C.P. von Thun, Michael Cole, Fabio Pisano, R. Brakel, Peter Traverso, G. Orozco, Wolf-Dieter Schneider, A. A. Ivanov, S. Sipliä, V. Szabó, D. Pilopp, A. Cappa, G. Anda, H. Braune, A. Krämer-Flecken, R. Sakamoto, A. Charl, Hiroshi Kasahara, Massimiliano Romé, J.-H. Feist, Mark Cianciosa, M. Führer, G. Schlisio, Taina Kurki-Suonio, F. Purps, H. Esteban, A. H. Reiman, J. Krom, C. D. Beidler, D. Loesser, H. M. Smith, Nengchao Wang, Axel Könies, Oliver Schmitz, T. Bräuer, M. Hirsch, Gabriel G. Plunk, Felix Warmer, R. Karalevicius, Riccardo Nocentini, J.L. Terry, John Jelonnek, Arnold Lumsdaine, L. Ryć, M. N. A. Beurskens, H. Jenzsch, Z. Sulek, Donald A. Spong, A. Khilchenko, P. Marek, R. Schroeder, T. Schröder, B. Standley, Manfred Thumm, B. Brünner, T. Fornal, Benedikt Geiger, H. Frerichs, R. Kleiber, T. Funaba, Andreas Meier, S. Degenkolbe, P. Rong, Dag Hathiramani, Matthias F. Schneider, Simppa Äkäslompolo, M. R. Stoneking, A. Dudek, Jiawu Zhu, X. Han, T. Windisch, Y. Wei, Detlev Reiter, J. Tretter, N. Rust, J. P. Kallmeyer, J. Baldzuhn, P. Bolgert, Dirk Timmermann, Shinsuke Satake, Luis Vela Vela, Yu. Turkin, Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy, Sigitas Rimkevicius, Naoki Kenmochi, Ulrich Neuner, M. Garcia-Munoz, V. Perseo, Matthias Otte, A. Puig Sitjes, Tamás Szepesi, A. da Molin, Alexis Terra, C. Guerard, J.M. Hernández Sánchez, A. Rodatos, J. Assmann, D. Höschen, Albert Mollén, A. Hölting, Tom Wauters, Adnan Ali, Ewa Pawelec, W. Kasparek, Ryo Yasuhara, D. Kinna, P. Sinha, B. Wiegel, Horacio Fernandes, M. E. Puiatti, S. Récsei, E. Ascasíbar, J.-M. Travere, C. Hidalgo, Joris Fellinger, H. Schmitz, Suguru Masuzaki, Katsumi Ida, G. Pelka, Jim-Felix Lobsien, S. Wolf, Jörg Schacht, J. Koshurinov, Han Zhang, P. Kornejew, J M Fontdecaba, T. Ngo, E. Wang, B. Hein, Gerd Gantenbein, Michael Drevlak, M. Vervier, J. W. Oosterbeek, H. Röhlinger, J. P. Knauer, B. Schweer, Jakub Urban, David Maurer, I. Ksiazek, David Gates, S. C. Liu, S. Massidda, F. Remppel, A.H. Wright, G. Satheeswaran, Monika Kubkowska, K. Rummel, Kai Jakob Brunner, Torsten Stange, J. Riemann, Thomas Klinger, S. Obermayer, H. Brand, Christine Hennig, A. Werner, N. Gierse, S. A. Henneberg, R. Vilbrandt, J. Wolowski, T. Sunn Pedersen, M. Dostal, G. A. Wurden, I. Abramovic, Carsten Lechte, R. Lang, S. A. Bozhenkov, G. Ehrke, K. J. McCarthy, Egidijus Urbonavicius, M. Schröder, S. Jablonski, Martina Huber, M. Nagel, Yunfeng Liang, O. P. Ford, Barbara Cannas, T. Mizuuchi, Anatoly Panin, Jan Skodzik, V. V. Lutsenko, R. Koslowski, R. Laube, Jonathan T. Green, B. Unterberg, Jeremy Lore, Laurie Stephey, J. H. E. Proll, M. Czerwinski, Venanzio Giannella, Jörg Weggen, S. Marsen, Clifford M Surko, Grzegorz Gawlik, B. Roth, D. Birus, Ch. Brandt, M. Mardenfeld, K. Riße, Y. Feng, Alexandra M. Freund, M. Vergote, S. Wadle, H. Thomsen, Wilfried Behr, A. Runov, L. Wegener, Burkhard Plaum, J. Svensson, Dmitry Moseev, Łukasz Ciupiński, G. M. Weir, E. Winkler, W. Pan, E. Erckmann, D. Mellein, B. Shanahan, Th. Kobarg, Marek Barlak, John Howard, Günter Dammertz, M. Endler, D.P. Dhard, N. Vianello, L. V. Lubyako, R. Burhenn, J. Thomas, N. Panadero, M. Gruca, T. Mönnich, J. Majano-Brown, Wolfgang Biel, S. Tulipán, J. H. Harris, C. Nührenberg, A. Carls, H. Viebke, Walter H. Fietz, L. Haiduk, S. Brezinsek, Heinz Grote, S. Langish, V. Huber, Jacek Jagielski, David Ennis, P. Kraszewsk, J. Kacmarczyk, Kunihiro Ogawa, U. Kamionka, O. Bertuch, F. Durodié, B. Missal, A. de la Peña, Robertas Alzbutas, Anett Spring, Yu Gao, Matt Landreman, Dirk Naujoks, Florian Effenberg, P. McNeely, Ya. I. Kolesnichenko, B. Gonçalves, B. van Millingen, M. Blatzheim, X. Peng, F. Harberts, M. W. Jakubowski, F. Köster, Gábor Cseh, Ph. Drews, Christoph Biedermann, G. Claps, L. Rudischhauser, Bernardo B. Carvalho, M. Yokoyama, Seung Gyou Baek, Felix Schauer, V. Borsuk, Th. Rummel, J. Boscary, Fumimichi Sano, J. R. Danielson, M. Rack, G. Fuchert, H.-J. Hartfuß, W. Leonhardt, Georg Kühner, D. R. Mikkelsen, M. Borchardt, A. Benndorf, P. Scholz, R. C. Wolf, I.V. Shikhovtsev, Holger Niemann, Andreas Zimbal, J. Geiger, T. Barbui, M. Lennartz, A. Lorenz, Andreas Dinklage, G. Krzesiński, J. Zajac, B. Israeli, R. Schrittwieser, M.J. Cole, S. Zoletnik, O. Marchuk, Per Helander, B. Buttenschön, P. van Eeten, Tamara Andreeva, Hiroshi Yamada, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik Teilinstitut Greifswald, Wendelsteinstr. 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Energie- und Klimaforschung---Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strase, 52428 Julich, Germany, University of Maryland, Princeton, Laboratory for Plasma Physics of the Ecole Royale Militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School (LPP-ERM/KMS), Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgien, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Institute of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universität Karlsruhe (IEKP), Geoscience Australia, Max Planck Institut für Plasma Physik and Excellence Cluster, Eindhoven University of Technology, Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa (IST), A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Università di Milano, Warsaw University of Technology, ENEA-Frascati, IPPLM Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland, Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawla II 22A, Szczecin, Poland, Milano, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitatsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany, National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), 322-6 Oroshicho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5202, Japan, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), 11, akademika Lavrentieva prospect, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation, Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart (IRS), Fraunhofer-Institut fur Schicht- und Oberflachentechnik IST, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, Institut für Weltraumforschung, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (IWF), Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research, A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP), Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Kyoto University, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China, Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8---Liben, Czechia, Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFP-CNR), Fraunhofer-Institut fur Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU, Reichenhainer Strase 88, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany, Universität Rostock, Wayne State University, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, CIEMAT, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Jülich Research Centre, University of Maryland, College Park, Princeton University, Royal Military Academy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Narodowe Centrum Badań Jadrowych, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Australian National University, University of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Ioffe Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Salerno, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Szczecin, University of Milan - Bicocca, University of California San Diego, Auburn University, Brandenburg University of Technology, National Institute for Fusion Science, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, CEA, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, RAS - Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Stuttgart, Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films, Austrian Academy of Sciences, NASU - Institute of Nuclear Research, RAS - Institute of Applied Physics, Technical University of Berlin, University of Opole, Department of Applied Physics, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Istituto di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, University of Rostock, Lawrence University, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas, Claps, G., and Cordella, F

Subjects
Magnetic confinement, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology and Engineering, Plasma heating, Cyclotron resonance, CONFINEMENT, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, PHYSICS, Nuclear physics, stellarator, current drive, magnetic confinement, plasma heating, Condensed Matter Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, tellarator, Stellarator, Physics, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, 530 Physik, TRANSPORT, Current drive, Electron temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, Wendelstein 7-X, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3 × 1019 m−3 , central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre. EURATOM 633053

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