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Abstract: The KASCADE-Grande experiment operated at KIT from January 2004 to November 2012, measuring EAS generated by primary cosmic rays in the 1016–1018 eV energy range. The experiment detected, for each single event, with a high resolution, the total number of charged particles (N ch ) and of muons ( ). In this contribution we present the latest results about: [(i)] The measurement of the all particle energy spectrum, discussing the influence of the hadronic interaction model used to derive the energy calibration of the experimental data. [(ii)] The energy spectra derived separating the events according to the ratio. This technique allowed us to unveil a steepening of the spectrum of heavy primaries at and a hardening of the spectrum of light primaries at . [(iii)] The elemental spectra (for five mass groups) obtained applying a detailed unfolding analysis technique. [(iv)] A search for large scale anisotropies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To better understand the radio signal emitted by extensive air-showers and to further develop the radio detection technique of high-energy cosmic rays, the LOPES experiment was reconfigured to LOPES-3D. LOPES-3D is able to measure all three vectorial components of the electric field of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers. The additional measurement of the vertical component ought to increase the reconstruction accuracy of primary cosmic ray parameters like direction and energy, provides an improved sensitivity to inclined showers, and will help to validate simulation of the emission mechanisms in the atmosphere. LOPES-3D will evaluate the feasibility of vectorial measurements for large scale applications. In order to measure all three electric field components directly, a tailor-made antenna type (tripoles) was deployed. The change of the antenna type necessitated new pre-amplifiers and an overall recalibration. The reconfiguration and the recalibration procedure are presented and the operationality of LOPES-3D is demonstrated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The KASCADE–Grande experiment, located at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany) is a multi-component extensive air-shower experiment devoted to the study of cosmic rays and their interactions at primary energies 1014–1018 eV. Main goals of the experiment are the measurement of the all-particle energy spectrum and mass composition in the 1016–1018 eV range by sampling charged (N ch ) and muon () components of the air shower. The method to derive the energy spectrum and its uncertainties, as well as the implications of the obtained result, is discussed. An overview of the analyses performed by KASCADE–Grande to derive the mass composition of the measured high-energy comic rays is presented as well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new method is explored to detect extensive air showers: the measurement of radio waves emitted during the propagation of the electromagnetic shower component in the magnetic field of the Earth. Recent results of the pioneering experiment LOPES are discussed. It registers radio signals in the frequency range between 40 and 80MHz. The intensity of the measured radio emission is investigated as a function of different shower parameters, such as shower energy, angle of incidence, and distance to shower axis. In addition, new antenna types are developed in the framework of LOPESstar and new methods are explored to realize a radio self-trigger algorithm in real time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The properties of galactic cosmic rays are investigated with the KASCADE-Grande experiment in the energy range between 1014 and 1018 eV. Recent results are discussed. They concern mainly the all-particle energy spectrum and the elemental composition of cosmic rays. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: KASCADE-Grande is the enlargement of the KASCADE extensive air shower detector, realized to expand the cosmic ray studies from the previous 1014–1017 eV primary energy range to 1018 eV. This is performed by extending the area covered by the KASCADE electromagnetic array from 200×200 to 700×700m2 by means of 37 scintillator detector stations of 10m2 area each. This new array is named Grande and provides measurements of the all-charged particle component of extensive air showers (N ch ), while the original KASCADE array particularly provides information on the muon content . Additional dense compact detector set-ups being sensitive to energetic hadrons and muons are used for data consistency checks and calibration purposes. The performance of the Grande array and its integration into the entire experimental complex is discussed. It is demonstrated that the overall observable resolutions are adequate to meet the physical requirements of the measurements, i.e. primary energy spectrum and elemental composition studies in the primary cosmic ray energy range of 1016–1018 eV. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The KASCADE-Grande experiment, located at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Germany), is a multi-component extensive air-shower experiment to study cosmic rays and their interactions at primary energies 1014–1018 eV. After detailed investigations of the knee in the spectrum with KASCADE and EAS-TOP experiments, the main goal of KASCADE-Grande is to provide conclusive results on the knee region by detecting the expected iron knee in the spectrum at around 1017 eV, and measuring the composition in the possible transition region between galactic and extragalactic components. Due to its multi-component characteristics, basically the former KASCADE experiment enriched by two new arrays of scintillator detectors (Grande and Piccolo), with the aim of providing a large acceptance area (0.5km2) and prompt trigger signal, KASCADE-Grande is a suitable array to provide refined measurements in the 1016–1018 eV region. In the following, we briefly report on the characteristics of the detector, its performance, and first results based on 2 years of data taking. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

KASCADE has been designed to measure air showers of primary cosmic-ray energies in the PeV region and to investigate the knee phenomenon in the all-particle energy spectrum. Several observations are measured simultaneously for each event by different detector systems. The experiment started to take data in 1996 and has been completed and extended since then. The individual detector systems and their performances are described. Also, the experience in long-term operation of the experiment and the interplay between different components is outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: When ultra high energy cosmic rays hit the atmosphere, they produce a shower of millions of secondary particles. Thereby the charged particles in the shower emit a radio pulse whilst deflected in the Earth''s magnetic field. LOPES is a digital antenna array measuring these radio pulses in the frequency range from 40 to 80MHz. It is located at the site of and triggered by the air shower experiment KASCADE-Grande at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany. In its present configuration, it consists of 15 east–west-polarized and 15 north–south-polarized, absolutely calibrated short dipole antennas, as well as 10 LPDAs (with two channels each). Furthermore, it serves as a test bench for technological developments, like new antenna types or a radio-based self-triggering (). To achieve a good angular reconstruction and to digitally form a beam into the arrival direction of the shower, it has a precise time calibration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Precise measurements of the radio emission by cosmic ray air showers require an adequate treatment of noise. Unlike to usual experiments in particle physics, where noise always adds to the signal, radio noise can in principle decrease or increase the signal if it interferes by chance destructively or constructively. Consequently, noise cannot simply be subtracted from the signal, and its influence on amplitude and time measurement of radio pulses must be studied with care. First, noise has to be determined consistently with the definition of the radio signal which typically is the maximum field strength of the radio pulse. Second, the average impact of noise on radio pulse measurements at individual antennas is studied for LOPES. It is shown that a correct treatment of noise is especially important at low signal-to-noise ratios: noise can be the dominant source of uncertainty for pulse height and time measurements, and it can systematically flatten the slope of lateral distributions. The presented method can also be transferred to other experiments in radio and acoustic detection of cosmic rays and neutrinos. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: KASCADE-Grande is a multi-detector experiment at KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) in Germany for measuring extensive air showers in the primary energy range of 100TeV to 1EeV. This paper does not provide a synopsis of all results of the KASCADE-Grande experiment. Rather it is focused on three aspects of current interests illustrating the advantages of a multi-detector facility. Results on the analysis of individual energy spectra of primary mass groups around the knee obtained by unfolding the shower size measurements of KASCADE with the help of the new hadronic interaction model EPOS and the all-particle energy spectrum at higher energies obtained by Grande measurements will be discussed. As KASCADE-Grande serves also as host of the LOPES radio detection experiment where both experiments measure the same showers, special emphasis will be given in comparing the characteristics and feasibility of both techniques in estimating the main parameters of high-energy primary cosmic rays: energy, composition, and arrival direction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report in this paper on an analysis of 20 months of data taken with LOPES. LOPES is radio antenna array set-up in coincidence with the Grande array, both located at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. The data used in this analysis were taken with an antenna configuration composed of 30 inverted V-shape dipole antennas. We have restricted the analysis to a special selection of inclined showers—with zenith angle . These inclined showers are of particular interest because they are the events with the largest geomagnetic angles and are therefore suitable to test emission models based on geomagnetic effects.The reconstruction procedure of the emitted radio signal in EAS uses as one ingredient the frequency-dependent antenna gain pattern which is obtained from simulations. Effects of the applied antenna model in the calibration procedure of LOPES are studied. In particular, we have focused on one component of the antenna, a metal pedestal, which generates a resonance effect, a peak in the amplification pattern where it is the most affecting high zenith angles, i.e. inclined showers. In addition, polarization characteristics of inclined showers were studied in detail and compared with the features of more vertical showers for the two cases of antenna models, with and without the pedestal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The LOPES experiment at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology has been taking radio data in the frequency range from 40 to 80MHz in coincidence with the KASCADE-Grande air shower detector since 2003. Various experimental configurations have been employed to study aspects such as the energy scaling, geomagnetic dependence, lateral distribution, and polarization of the radio emission from cosmic rays. The high quality per-event air shower information provided by KASCADE-Grande has been the key to many of these studies and has even allowed us to perform detailed per-event comparisons with simulations of the radio emission. In this article, we give an overview of results obtained by LOPES, and present the status and perspectives of the ever-evolving experiment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: LOPES is a radio antenna array co-located with the Karlsruhe Shower Core and Array DEtector, KASCADE–Grande in Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany, which provides well-calibrated trigger information and air shower parameters for primary energies up to . By the end of 2006, the radio antennas were re-configured to perform polarization measurements of the radio signal of cosmic ray air showers, recording in the same time both, the East–West and North–South polarization directions of the radio emission. The main goal of these measurements is to reconstruct the polarization characteristics of the emitted signal. This will allow a detailed comparison with theoretical predictions. The current status of these measurements is reported here. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present study, we analyze the radio signal from inclined air showers recorded by LOPES-30 in coincidence with KASCADE-Grande. LOPES-30 consists of 30 East–West oriented digital antennas, which are amplitude calibrated by an external source. Radio emission from air showers is considered a geomagnetic effect. Inclined events provide a larger range of values for geomagnetic angle (angle between shower axis and geomagnetic field direction) than vertical showers and thus more information on the emission processes can be gathered. In order to have the geometry of the air shower we use the reconstruction provided by the KASCADE-Grande particle detectors array. Analyzing events observed by both LOPES and the extended part of the KASCADE array, Grande, gives the possibility to test in particular the capability and efficiency of radio detection of more distant events. The results are compared with a previous analysis of inclined events recorded by the initial 10 antenna set-up, LOPES-10, in coincidence with the Grande array. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: LOPES is set up at the location of the KASCADE-Grande extensive air shower experiment in Karlsruhe, Germany and aims to measure and investigate radio pulses from extensive air showers. Since radio waves suffer very little attenuation, radio measurements allow the detection of very distant or highly inclined showers. These waves can be recorded day and night, and provide a bolometric measure of the leptonic shower component. LOPES is designed as a digital radio interferometer using high bandwidths and fast data processing and profits from the reconstructed air shower observables of KASCADE-Grande. The LOPES antennas are absolutely amplitude calibrated allowing to reconstruct the electric field strength which can be compared with predictions from detailed Monte-Carlo simulations. We report about the analysis of correlations present in the radio signals measured by the LOPES 30 antenna array. Additionally, LOPES operates antennas of a different type (LOPES) which are optimized for an application at the Pierre Auger Observatory. Status, recent results of the data analysis and further perspectives of LOPES and the possible large scale application of this new detection technique are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We describe the main features of the extensive air-shower array devoted to the study of cosmic-ray primaries and their interactions at primary energies 10 PeV–1 EeV which is starting operation at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. It exploits the existing KASCADE multi-detector facilities, and two new detectors: Grande and Piccolo, with the respective aims of providing a large acceptance area (0.5 km2) and a prompt trigger signal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]