1. Charged-particle evaporation and pre-equilibrium emission in 1.2 GeV proton-induced spallation reactions
- Author
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Jan Toke, U. Jahnke, A. Péghaire, Detlef Filges, A. Letourneau, Frank Goldenbaum, D. Hilscher, W. U. Schröder, Claus-Michael Herbach, V. Tishchenko, J. Galin, L. Pienkowski, Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
- Subjects
Nuclear reaction ,E=1.2 GeV ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,σ(E ,deduced role of pre-equilibrium emission ,Ag ,[PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex] ,Intra-nuclear cascade and statistical evaporation model analysis ,Spectral line ,Nuclear physics ,Al ,Ta ,σ ,Au ,Spallation ,Ti ,Th(p ,Cu ,Pb ,X) ,Coalescence (physics) ,Physics ,Ni ,Zr ,Fe ,Charged particle ,Deuterium ,Cascade ,Ho ,measured light charged particles isotopic production ,Nuclear reactions ,25.40.-h ,25.40.Sc ,24.10.Lx ,24.10.Pa ,29.30.Ep ,29.40.Wk ,Atomic physics ,Excitation ,θ) - Abstract
International audience; Absolute cross sections, energy spectra, and angular distributions have been measured for $^{1,2,3}$H, $^{3,4,6}$He, $^{6,7,8,9}$Li and $^{7,9,10}$Be isotopes produced in 1.2 GeV proton-induced spallation reactions with targets between Al and Th. Results of simulation calculations with the intra-nuclear cascade code INCL2.0 coupled to the statistical model GEMINI are in good agreement with these data, as to charged-particle evaporation, mean excitation energy, and mean linear momentum transfer. The pre-equilibrium emission of composite particles, not accounted for in these simulations, however, typically contributes to the total production of composite particles by 40–60% for $^{2}$H and $^{3}$He, 20–40% for $^{3}$H, 5–20% for $^{4}$He, and about 15–25% for Li and Be. The composite pre-equilibrium particles together carry off a mean energy of up to 50 MeV, i.e., about 30% compared to the mean energy released by particle evaporation. For deuterons, pre-equilibrium emission is shown to be well described by surface coalescence while definitely other mechanisms are required for $^{4}$He and heavier clusters.
- Published
- 2006
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