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The role of artificial intelligence and its place in the new disinformation strategies is perhaps one of the most difficult issues to focus on nowadays, since we are at the beginning of a process of definition and ways of exploration. In this paper, first of all, we analyze the different approaches that are being applied to the regulation of artificial intelligence and that may affect the different disinformation strategies that are being identified. Secondly, we study how artificial intelligence is being used to identify disinformation content. In this regard, from the point of view of verification processes, one of the main challenges is when identifying deepfakes (images and video, mainly) linked to news cycles. From this perspective, a typology of deepfakes is proposed and its main characteristics will be described according to the verifications carried out by the Spanish fact-checking organizations. Finally, a set of recommendations will be presented to work from a media literacy point of view with the identification of deepfakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the interest and political participation of Madrid pre-university students in the new political Spanish scenario. A wide bibliographic review of international and national studies is developed. The results of a survey involving 250 pre-university students in Madrid is also are analyzed. The study results reveal that support of parties and leaders is very low. However, the interest in politics and the evaluation of the vote are very high. Besides, unconventional mechanisms such as social movements, strikes, demonstrations and the social networks achieve an important support. Young people get informed about politics through digital newspapers, televisions and social networks. The paper concludes that Madrid's pre-university students have interest in politics but they feel disaffection towards parties and their leaders. The distancing and rejection is directed to the functioning of democracy, not to democracy itself. It is urgent to renew and regenerate the conventional political structures to reconnect with this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the informative coverage made by the newspapers El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia in their printed editions on the investiture session of Pedro Sánchez as President of the Spanish Government. For this purpose, all the text related to this issue published between Friday 3 and Wednesday 8 January 2020 were analyze through a content analysis (n=333), which consider variables such as the location, the type of the texts, the topic addressed and the prominence of headlines and graphics. The results show that this topic aroused a remarkable interest among the analyzed newspapers, which provided their coverage with a great opinion and interpretive value. Furthermore, other features that define the informative coverage of these newspapers are the moderate use of graphic elements, the predominant attention to PSOE and Unidas Podemos, and the configuration of the agenda setting around the same issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the use of Telegram as an electoral communication tool in Spain, focusing on the messages sent by the five major parties in the country (PSOE, PP, Vox, Unidas Podemos and Ciudadanos) during the campaigns corresponding to the general elections of April 28 and November 10, 2019. This research paper steps outside this somewhat still narrow area of methodology by combining two different research techniques on a methodological triangulation: traditional content analysis and data mining processes using Python. Results, which show how political parties in Spain use Telegram mainly as a mobilization tool while expressing closeness with the candidate, are contextualized thanks to the implementation of Big Data analysis techniques that improve and allow for an in-depth investigation and understanding of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze communication policies and the relationship between state and press in Portugal and Spain, with special emphasis on these two countries' particular characteristics within the Euro-Mediterranean model. A historical approach has been taken to explain context and measures of the past that have led to the current situations. Moreover, the paradigm shift that digital convergence is bringing about makes it necessary to reflect upon how these countries, each with a very definite journalistic tradition, are facing the future of the press. There is no guarantee that government measures of the past will be able to ensure the competitive vitality that converging international media requires. Finally, the paper also reviews how various policies of state aid and impact assessment contribute to paralysis in decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the visual aspects of the official profiles on Twitter of the main candidates for the Spanish general election of 2015. For this purpose, a qualitative methodology is used through a category system applied to the study sample, which is composed of 527 images. This research concludes that the management of the images made by the profiles of the main political candidates, who attend the general elections, focuses especially on the figure of the politician, leaving aside fundamental aspects such as the presentation of proposals and new initiatives for citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to focus on the relationship between Spanish journalists and politicians in order to understand what journalists require from political power and how collaborative ties between governments and reporters could be established. This study also compares the views of journalists with citizens in order to know if there is a relationship between what media professionals and audience think about the relationship between media and political power. One of the project's main goals is to contrast the existing normative framework with the prevailing value system in ethical criteria as taken onboard by media professionals. The methodology used in this paper to achieve this goal is based on 26 questions that refer to different issues, such as the influence of political power in their daily professional lives or in certain case scenarios. The sample was designed in accordance with different independent variables: type of media, position, department, sphere of diffusion, gender, ideology and age, so that the entire profession was represented in some way. The same methodology was applied to each autonomous region, whether it be Catalonia, Madrid, the Basque Country or Andalusia and the paper as a whole offers the answers given by about 3000 Spanish journalists throughout the whole of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the role of open data in the development of civic technologies in Spain. We have analysed organisations that are using technology as a tool to improve transparency, democracy and citizen participation in public matters. During this research we run through the evolution of the use of technologies by civil society in Spain, we define the concept of civic technologies and propose a set of typologies, paying special attention to the source of data, with the final aim of knowing how often public open data has been used. We conclude by highlighting the need to increase the communication between public and private institutions and the organisations that use data in favour of providing useful information and making easier the development of civic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article intends to continue previous studies on the state of the communication research in Spain. An in-depth study of the Spanish Communication researchers in Scopus international database is developed to monitor their productivity and visibility. Results show a limited presence and a low scientific production. In addition it is fragmented in multiple lines of research, it is little collaborative, more national than international, in Spanish and little visible. There is a polarization between two situations: visible full professors and untenured professors, emerging producers but invisible. Attending to gender differences, male researchers produce more papers and they are more visible than women. The creation of interuniversity networks that improve international publication is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze how main Spanish talk radio stations are using Twitter. We start from the hypothesis that this application is being underused. To check it, we have conducted a content analysis of the official Twitter accounts of the main 5 talk radio stations during two weeks, from January, 28th to February, 10th, 211. The results of the 342 analyzed messages certify some positive indicators, together with a widespread use of a 2.0 tool with a mentality that, in many aspects, still remains 1.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]