Search

Standard treatment for placental site trophoblastic tumor is hysterectomy. This may be unacceptable to women desiring fertility. Cells aberrant in placental site trophoblastic tumor display an ability to invade normal tissue while evading the immune system.We present a case of a 23-year-old woman with stage I placental site trophoblastic tumor who declined hysterectomy. Tumor assay for program cell death-ligand 1 staining was performed and suggestive of an immune-responsive tumor. The patient initiated intravenous pembrolizumab 200 mg every 2 weeks, and by cycle 3 her β-hCG level fell to undetectable. She subsequently conceived and went on to have an uncomplicated term vaginal birth after cesarean. At 6 weeks postpartum, she remained without evidence of disease.Immunotherapy can eliminate early program cell death-ligand 1-positive placental site trophoblastic tumor with subsequent normal pregnancy.

A group of 47 experts representing 23 professional societies, national and international health organizations, and federal agencies met in Bethesda, MD, September 14-15, 2012, to revise the 2006 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology Consensus Guidelines. The group's goal was to provide revised evidence-based consensus guidelines for managing women with abnormal cervical cancer screening tests, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) following adoption of cervical cancer screening guidelines incorporating longer screening intervals and co-testing. In addition to literature review, data from almost 1.4 million women in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Medical Care Plan provided evidence on risk after abnormal tests. Where data were available, guidelines prescribed similar management for women with similar risks for CIN 3, AIS, and cancer. Most prior guidelines were reaffirmed. Examples of updates include: Human papillomavirus-negative atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance results are followed with co-testing at 3 years before return to routine screening and are not sufficient for exiting women from screening at age 65 years; women aged 21-24 years need less invasive management, especially for minor abnormalities; postcolposcopy management strategies incorporate co-testing; endocervical sampling reported as CIN 1 should be managed as CIN 1; unsatisfactory cytology should be repeated in most circumstances, even when HPV results from co-testing are known, while most cases of negative cytology with absent or insufficient endocervical cells or transformation zone component can be managed without intensive follow-up.

To estimate the accuracy of vaginal cytology in postoperative surveillance for detecting recurrent endometrial cancer and to estimate the optimal management of squamous abnormalities detected in this setting.This review included women who underwent hysterectomy for endometrial cancer between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2010, and had at least one postoperative Pap test. Clinical and demographic data were collected and outcomes including abnormal vaginal cytology, results of colposcopic examination, and endometrial cancer recurrence were assessed. A Cox regression model to estimate the risk of abnormal cytology was created. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of detecting vaginal recurrences were calculated.Four hundred thirty-three women contributed 2,378 Pap tests. At least one abnormal cytology result was found during follow-up of 55 (13%) women, representing 3% of all Pap tests. No recurrent endometrial cancers were diagnosed on the basis of isolated abnormal cytology. No cases of recurrent cancer were diagnosed in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) Pap test results. In multivariable analysis, abnormal cytology was highly associated with prior postoperative radiation therapy (P.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of an abnormal Pap test result in detecting a local recurrence are 40%, 87.9%, 7.3%, and 98.4%, respectively.Colposcopy is not needed after a Pap test result read as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or LSIL.III.

OBJECTIVE:: To estimate trends in contraceptive use especially long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) and condoms among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women. METHODS:: Human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women in a multicenter longitudinal cohort were interviewed semiannually between 1998 and 2010 about sexual behaviors and contraceptive use. Trends in contraceptive use by women aged 18-45 years who were at risk for unintended pregnancy but not trying to conceive were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS:: Condoms were the dominant form of contraception for HIV-seropositive women and showed little change across time. Less than 15% of these women used no contraception. Between 1998 and 2010 LARC use increased among HIV-seronegative women from 4.8% (6 of 126) to 13.5% (19 of 141 P=.02) but not significantly among seropositive women (0.9% [4 of 438] to 2.8% [6 of 213] P=.09). Use of highly effective contraceptives including pills patches rings injectable progestin implants and intrauterine devices ranged from 15.2% (53 of 348) in 1998 to 17.4% (37 of 213) in 2010 (P=.55). Human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative but not HIV-seropositive LARC users were less likely than nonusers to use condoms consistently (hazard ratio 0.51 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32-0.81 P=.004 for seronegative women; hazard ratio 1.09 95% CI 0.96-1.23 for seropositive women). CONCLUSION:: Although most HIV-seropositive women use contraception they rely primarily on condoms and have not experienced the increase in LARC use seen among seronegative women. Strategies to improve simultaneous use of condoms and LARC are needed to minimize risk of unintended pregnancy as well as HIV transmission and acquisition of sexually transmitted infections. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: II.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the agreement among multiple expert colposcopists evaluating high-resolution digitized cervigrams taken from patients with a variety of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection states and previous cervigram interpretations. METHODS: Twenty expert colposcopists evaluated 939 digitized images of the uterine cervix obtained after the application of 5% acetic acid during the ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study. Twenty images selected to represent a broad range were graded by all the colposcopists. The remaining 919 pictures were distributed by stratified random sampling, such that each image was evaluated by two colposcopists, and each expert evaluated 112 images with similar distributions of cervigram diagnoses and HPV DNA test results. We evaluated interrater agreement among the pairs of colposcopists and confirmed the conclusions using the 20 images they all graded. RESULTS: Pairs of colposcopists agreed on the diagnosis for only 56.8% of images. Similar agreement was seen regarding number of visible lesions (of low-grade or greater). This variability in ratings remained when the images were stratified by final histologic diagnosis or HPV status. The results were confirmed by the presence of large variability in ratings (ranging in some cases from normal to cancer) for the 20 images graded by all colposcopists. CONCLUSION: Colposcopic diagnosis using static images is poorly reproducible and might reflect similar problems in clinical practice. Researchers should question the use of colposcopic images as a reference standard for teaching and evaluating the presence or severity of disease.

To characterize ovarian failure and prolonged amenorrhea from other causes in women who are both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and seronegative.This was a cohort study nested in the Women's Interagency HIV Study, a multicenter U.S. study of HIV infection in women. Prolonged amenorrhea was defined as no vaginal bleeding for at least 1 year. A serum follicle stimulating hormone more than 25 milli-International Units/mL and prolonged amenorrhea were used to define ovarian failure. Logistic regressions, chi2, and t tests were performed to estimate relationships between HIV-infection and cofactors with both ovarian failure and amenorrhea from other causes.Results were available for 1,431 women (1,139 HIV seropositive and 292 seronegative). More than one half of the HIV positive women with prolonged amenorrhea of at least 1 year did not have ovarian failure. When adjusted for age, HIV seropositive women were about three times more likely than seronegative women to have prolonged amenorrhea without ovarian failure. Body mass index, serum albumin, and parity were all negatively associated with ovarian failure in HIV seropositive women.HIV serostatus is associated with prolonged amenorrhea. It is difficult to ascertain whether the cause of prolonged amenorrhea is ovarian in HIV-infected women without additional testing.II-2.

Objective: To estimate compliance by indigent women with surveillance protocols after molar pregnancy. Methods: Women whose molar pregnancies were evacuated at an urban, public hospital were advised to return weekly either until hCG levels decreased below 5 mIU/mL, then monthly for 6 months, or until diagnosis and treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease, then monthly for 12 months. Hormone testing was by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was by χ2 tests. Results: Of 51 women identified, 11 (22%) developed trophoblastic disease. All achieved remission after chemotherapy. Five (45%) of these 11 missed at least one treatment, seven (64%) missed at least one postremission visit, and none was fully compliant with protocols. Five (13%) of the 40 remaining women were lost to follow-up before remission. Seven (18%) of the 40 women who did not receive chemotherapy complied fully with protocols, whereas five (13%) were lost to follow-up before remission, and 16 (40%) were lost before completing 6 months of follow-up. Only 15 (29%) of the 51 women completed surveillance without gestational trophoblastic disease or pregnancy. Six women conceived, and injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate was associated with a lower pregnancy rate (zero of 25 compared with six of 26 (23%), P Conclusion: Most indigent women failed to comply with postmolar surveillance, although most achieved remission. Injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate is recommended for postmolar contraception in this population.