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To provide an overview of pediatric pars planitis. Narrative literature review. Pars planitis refers to the idiopathic subset of intermediate uveitis in which there is vitritis along with snowball or snowbank formation occurring in the absence of an associated infection or systemic disease. It is thought to be a T-cell mediated disease with a genetic predisposition. Pars planitis accounts for 5–26.7% of pediatric uveitis cases. Presentation is commonly bilateral but asymmetric, often with insidious onset of floaters and blurred vision. Although pars planitis is known to be a benign form of uveitis in most cases, severe complications secondary to chronic inflammation may arise, with cystoid macular edema being the most common cause of visual morbidity. Mild vitritis in the absence of symptoms, vision loss, or macular edema may be observed. Patients with severe vitritis and/or associated vision-threatening complications require prompt aggressive treatment. A stepladder approach including corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, anti‑tumor necrosis factor‑alpha and pars plana vitrectomy and/or laser photocoagulation is the most commonly used method for treatment of pars planitis. Timely diagnosis and adequate treatment of pediatric pars planitis and associated complications are crucial in order to improve visual outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide an updated review of pre-selected RNA viruses causing ocular inflammation in humans. RNA viruses such as coronaviruses and arboviruses are reviewed elsewhere. A Google Scholar search was conducted to identify recent publications on ocular inflammation caused by the RNA viruses specified here. Human RNA viruses target a wide range of ocular tissues from the anterior to the posterior. Influenza, measles and mumps cause anterior segment manifestations including conjunctivitis and keratitis, while retinitis and optic neuritis may be seen posteriorly. Newcastle disease and RSV cause conjunctivitis, whereas HIV causes characteristic anterior uveitis. Cataracts, microphthalmos, and iris abnormalities are common in congenital Rubella, while Rubella virus is associated with Fuchs uveitis syndrome. Newer technologies make it possible to detect more than one pathogen if present simultaneously. RNA viruses may produce significant ocular morbidity, and care should be taken to investigate ocular symptoms during disease outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To report and illustrate the main clinical presentations of posterior herpetic uveitis. Narrative review. The ocular manifestations of posterior herpetic uveitis include different clinical presentations. Herpes simplex and varicella zoster can cause acute retinal necrosis, progressive outer retinal necrosis, and non-necrotizing herpetic retinopathies. Cytomegalovirus has been associated with fulminant retinitis with confluent areas of retinal necrosis and retinal hemorrhages, indolent/granular retinitis, and frosted branch angiitis. These diverse clinical presentations are often associated with specific risk factors and different immunological profiles of the host. Herpetic viruses can cause posterior uveitis, presenting various clinical findings. Specific ocular manifestations and the immunological status of the host can help to differentiate the various herpetic entities before laboratory tests confirm the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop an algorithm for the diagnosis of Behçet's disease (BD) uveitis based on ocular findings. Methods: Following an initial survey among uveitis experts, we collected multi-center retrospective data on 211 patients with BD uveitis and 207 patients with other uveitides, and identified ocular findings with a high diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). Subsequently, we collected multi-center prospective data on 127 patients with BD uveitis and 322 controls and developed a diagnostic algorithm using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis and expert opinion. Results: We identified 10 items with DOR >5. The items that provided the highest accuracy in CART analysis included superficial retinal infiltrate, signs of occlusive retinal vasculitis, and diffuse retinal capillary leakage as well as the absence of granulomatous anterior uveitis or choroiditis in patients with vitritis. Conclusion: This study provides a diagnostic tree for BD uveitis that needs to be validated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine disease profile of tubercular uveitis (TBU) in Paediatric population. Methods: Among 945 patients of the retrospective multinational study by the Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS)-1, 29 Paediatric patients diagnosed with TBU were analyzed. Results: Mean age of disease presentation was 12.8 (range 4–18 years), with predominance of males (n = 14/20; 70.0%) and Asian ethnicity (n = 25/29; 86.2%). Posterior uveitis (n = 14/28; 50%) was the most frequent uveitis phenotype, with choroidal involvement occurring in 64.7% (n = 11/17). Incidence of optic disc edema and macular edema was higher in children (n = 8/18; 44.4% and n = 5/18; 27.8%, respectively) than in adults (n = 160/942; 16.9% and n = 135/942; 14.3%, respectively). Comparison of optic disc edema between subgroups showed a significant difference (P =.006). All patients received oral corticosteroids, most of them with antitubercular therapy. Treatment failure developed in 4.8% (n = 1/21). Conclusions: Children have a more severe inflammatory response to the disease, and an intensive anti-inflammatory therapeutic regimen is required to achieve a positive treatment outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infection that can affect the eye as first and sole presentation without features of systemic disease. Controversy exists regarding diagnosis and management of tubercular uveitis (TBU), further compounded by regional variations in disease expression. Purpose: Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS)-1 aims to address knowledge deficits through collaboration amongst uveitis specialists across the globe by sharing the data of patients with TBU presented at participating centers from January 2004 to December 2014. Methods: Data collection was facilitated by a novel method of real-time encrypted web-based data entry allowing regular updates as new data and recommendations become available. Results: Information on clinical features, investigation findings, management, and treatment outcomes were reviewed to get an idea about real world scenario. Conclusion: The current review aims to focus on methodology and briefing of published reports from COTS group in COTS-1 study to highlight key messages from this large data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To review the systemic and ocular manifestations of specific emergent viral infectious diseases relevant to the ophthalmologist with particular emphasis on anterior uveitis Methods: Review of literature.Results: Arboviral diseases are among the most important emergent and resurgent human infections, occurring mostly in tropical and subtropical zones, but appearing in virtually all regions of the world as a result of climate change, travel, and globalization. Arboviral infections are transmitted to humans by the bite of hematophagous arthropods, mainly mosquitoes. Systemic disease may range from asymptomatic to life-threatening. A wide variety of ocular manifestations, including uveitis, has been reported in association with these emerging viral diseases. Numerous viruses other than arboviruses also have been recently recognized as a potential cause of uveitis.Conclusions: Proper clinical diagnosis of any emerging infectious disease is based on epidemiological data, history, systemic symptoms and signs, and the pattern of ocular involvement. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by detection of virus-specific DNA or antivirus antibodies in serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the diagnoses, characteristics, treatment and outcomes of uveitis or eye inflammation, following a mosquito-borne viral infection. Topics include ocular infection by Zika virus, cases of Purtscher-like retinopathy after dengue fever and association of chikungunya virus infection with blurred vision.

PurposeMethodsResultsConclusionsTo analyze the clinical spectrum of patients with presumed tubercular uveitis in a referral eye clinic in Qatar.We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 50 patients (80 eyes) diagnosed with presumed ocular tuberculosis who presented to the uveitis clinic, department of Ophthalmology Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, from January 2014 till December 2019.Mean age at presentation was 34.5 ± 9.3 years. Forty one patients were males (82%) and 30 patients had bilateral involvement (60%). Forty eyes (50%) had posterior uveitis, 21 eyes (26.3%) intermediate uveitis, 11 eyes (13.7%) panuveitis, and 8 eyes (10%) anterior uveitis. Ocular findings included vitritis in 82.5% of eyes, retinal vasculitis in 46.3% (92% of which were occlusive in nature), multifocal choroiditis in 18.8%, serpiginous-like choroiditis in 11.3%, Most common complications at presentation or during follow-up included macular edema in 32 eyes (40%), preretinal or optic disc neovascularization in 29 eyes (36.3%) and vitreous hemorrhage in 17 eyes (21.3%). Anti-tubercular treatment was provided to 46 patients (92%). Systemic corticosteroids and corticosteroid sparing agents were associated, respectively, in 39 patients (78%) and 14 patients (28%). After 1 year of follow up, inflammation was controlled, with a significant improvement in visual acuity (p < 0.0001).In Qatar, tubercular uveitis has a broad spectrum of ocular features, with posterior and intermediate uveitis being the most common anatomic forms. Vitritis, multifocal choroiditis without or with a serpiginous-like pattern, and occlusive retinal vasculitis are the most common ocular findings. Main sight-threatening ocular complications are macular edema, posterior segment neovascularization, and vitreous hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]