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Purpose/objectives: to evaluate new onset uveitis or reactivated uveitis by biologic agents and characterize their features., Materials and Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective case series. Patients under biologic therapy were included if they developed uveitis for the first time or experienced intraocular inflammation which was different in location or laterality to previous inflammation., Results: Sixteen patients were identified. The underlying disorders included ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Behçet's Disease. The biologic agents associated with a first episode of uveitis (n = 11) or with a new recurrence of uveitis (n = 5) were etanercept, adalimumab, abatacept, infliximab, and golimumab. Sarcoidosis based on bihilar lymphadenopathy, other computer tomography-findings, or biopsy was diagnosed in five patients under therapy with etanercep, adalimumab, and abatacept. Additionally, seven patients developed clinical changes in their uveitis pattern, suggesting sarcoid uveitis., Conclusions: Biologic treatment-induced uveitis often presents as granulomatous disease.

Purpose : To investigate the efficacy of once-daily topical treatment of ocular and cutaneous rosacea with ivermectin 1% cream (Soolantra®, Galderma). Methods : Ten patients with rosacea were evaluated in a retrospective monocentric pilot study. Subjective symptoms (measured with the Ocular Surface Disease Index), skin findings, and ocular changes (blepharitis with telangiectasia and meibomian gland dysfunction, conjunctival redness, tear breakup time (TBUT), and fluorescein staining of the cornea) were evaluated. The follow-up was 8 months (range: 5-12 months). Results : The OSDI score decreased in the 8th week of treatment (38.5 ± 21.7, P = .004). After 16 weeks, blepharitis ( P = .004), and conjunctival redness ( P = .008) had strongly improved, and grade 1 was seen in all patients until the end of follow-up. Fluorescein staining of the cornea ( P = .001) and TBUT ( P = .016) showed significant improvement until the last follow-up visit. No side effects were observed. Conclusion : Topical ivermectin cream 1% given daily is an effective and safe therapy against rosacea.

Purpose : To assess the efficacy and safety of systemic interferon alpha-2a (IFN) for refractory pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). Methods : Retrospective observational study. The primary outcome was the decrease of central retinal thickness (CRT). Secondary endpoints were the improvement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the assessment of IFN-related side effects. Results : Twenty-four eyes of 20 patients were included. The median CRT was 513 µm (range 220-980 µm) at baseline and decreased to 190 µm (range 140-520 µm) at the last follow-up visit (p < 0.001). Reduction of CRT greater than 100 µm was observed in 22 eyes (92%). The median BCVA (logMAR) increased statistically significant from 0.5 (range 0.2-1.5) at baseline to 0.3 (0-0.8) at the last follow-up (p < 0.001). The BCVA improved in 18 eyes (75%) and remained stable in five eyes (21%). No severe treatment-related side effects occurred. Conclusion : IFN is a very effective agent for treatment of refractory PCME.

Purpose: To evaluate the response to treatment in patients with tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome over a long-term follow-up period., Methods: Nine patients with TINU syndrome were retrospectively reviewed. The mean follow-up was 54.8 months (range: 24-133 months)., Results: The mean number of recurrences per year declined from 1.7 in the 1st year to 0.66 in the 2nd year of treatment. The ocular inflammation responded to local corticosteroids in two patients, systemic corticosteroids in two patients, immunosuppressive therapy in four patients, and anti-TNF-α blocking agent in one patient. The therapy could be discontinued in six (67%) patients after a mean treatment period of 29.5 months. In five patients, remission with the recurrence-free period of 12.8 months was achieved., Conclusions: TINU syndrome was characterized by limited responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy and less by severe complications. A long-term course of immunosuppressants or biologics was necessary to control the uveitis and led to induction of remission.

Purpose: To present the outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation (AGV) in glaucoma secondary to Fuchs uveitis syndrome (FUS)., Methods: In this retrospective chart review, two definitions of success were used: 6 mmHg ≤intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤21 mmHg (success 1), and 6 mmHg ≤ IOP ≤21 mmHg and at least 25% reduction from baseline (success 2). Depending on the need of postoperative antiglaucoma medication, success was defined as either complete or qualified., Results: In total, 17 eyes of 17 patients were included. Complete success rates (both definitions) were 23.5% (n = 17) after 1 year and 23% (n = 13) after 3 years. Qualified success rates (both definitions) were 58.3% (n = 17) after 1 and 38.4% (n = 13) after 3 years. Encapsulated bleb formation was the most common complication (47% of eyes)., Conclusions: AGV was moderately successful in the management of glaucoma secondary to FUS. Success rates are improved by medications, needling, and cycloablative procedures.

Purpose: To report the outcomes of primary transconjunctival 23-gauge (23-G) vitrectomy in the diagnosis and treatment of presumed endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE)., Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients with EFE who underwent diagnostic transconjunctival 23-G vitrectomy at a tertiary referral center., Results: Nineteen eyes of 15 patients with EFE were included in the study. Four patients had bilateral and 11 patients unilateral disease. Sixteen eyes of 15 patients underwent 23-G vitrectomy to confirm the diagnosis using vitreous culture, polymerase chain reaction, and histopathologic examinations. All affected eyes were treated with intravitreal amphotericin B 5 µg/0.1 mL. Fourteen patients received additional systemic antifungal therapy. Diagnostic 23-G vitrectomy confirmed the diagnosis of EFE in 75% of the eyes (12/16). Candida was found to be a causative agent in 62.5% and Aspergillus in 12.5% of the eyes. Retinal detachment was the most common complication (42% of eyes)., Conclusions: EFE can be easily confirmed using primary 23-G vitrectomy.

Purpose: To analyze the efficacy of tocilizumab in uveitic macular edema (ME) resistant to various immunomodulatory drugs., Methods: Patients received tocilizumab every 4 weeks intravenously. Central foveal thickness (CFT) was assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT)., Results: Five patients (8 eyes) who were ineffectively pretreated with systemic prednisolone, at least one immunosuppressive drug, and at least one biologic drug for uveitic macular edema were included in the study. At 3 months, a response of ME (≥25% reduction in CFT) was observed in 6 eyes (75.0%) of 5 patients. During follow-up, complete resolution of ME was achieved in 5 eyes (62.5%) of 4 patients. Improvement of BCVA was observed in 3 eyes of 3 patients, and stabilization in 3 eyes of 3 patients. Tocilizumab was well tolerated, and no severe side effects occurred., Conclusions: Treatment with tocilizumab can be considered in chronic uveitic macular edema even if previous immunomodulatory therapy has failed.