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Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the results of the simulation analysis of the possible effects of the energy subsidies phasing out reform policy in Indonesia as of March 2015. Among the factors that were considered are the distributional effects, economic efficiency, and environmental effects. Also cited are the various scenarios, including the cash transfer scenario, the food subsidy scenario, and the labor support scenario.

The article presents an overview of the reconciled household survey data on the distributional effects of the phasing out of the fossil-fuel consumption subsidies in the energy sector in Indonesia as of March 2015. Also tackled are the budget shares of fossil fuels, electricity, and the low income households in the subsidies.

The article presents an overview of the energy consumption subsidies in Indonesia for both households and companies as of March 2015. Also cited are the World Bank estimate showing that 70% of fuel subsidies were received by the wealthiest households, the energy related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and the effects of the subsidies on the country's gross domestic product (GDP).

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the use of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ENV-Linkages General Equilibrium model for environmental studies. It mentions that the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production function for agriculture sector depicts the substitution between intensification and extensification. It states that the structure of non-fossil electricity technologies is same as the other sectors.

The article focuses on the modelling assessment that address the competitiveness and carbon leakage issues from carbon markets in countries. It mentions that climate change is the main global challenge in the economy. It mentions that the emission-intensive, trade exposed (EIT) sectors are encountering trade and competitiveness impacts due to high emission intensity. It mentions that the climate change mitigation policy can encourage the alternate towards low-carbon products and processes.

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article summarizes a report from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that examined the adaptation and mitigation within an integrated framework in relation to the ongoing international negotiations on climate change. It details the development of a framework that incorporates adaptation as a policy choice within three integrated assessment models (IAM). An inter-model comparison of results on adaptation costs is presented.

The sources cited within this issue are presented including "Economic Aspects of Adaptation to Climate Change. Costs, Benefits and Policy Instruments," by S. Agrawala and S. Fankhauser, "Energy Demand and Temperature: A Dynamic Panel Analysis," by A. Bigano, F. Bosello and G. Marano, and "The WITCH Model. Structure, Baseline, Solutions," by V. Bosetti, E. Massetti, and M. Tavoni.

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents an analysis of the economic and environmental consequences of implementing the international community's pledges for targets or actions to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. In the conference of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2009, countries gathered under the UNFCCC took note of the Copenhagen Accord. The accord, a political agreement on climate change, recognizes the scientific view that the increase in average global temperature should be below 2 degrees Centigrade.

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses about the role of emissions trading systems (ETSs) in managing greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. ETSs have the potential in generating funding for technologies, solutions, and programs in mitigating the impact of climate change through a wide and ambitious climate policy. The proposed ETS will use the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ENV-Linkages framework to assess the economic effects of environmental policies through various energy sources.

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An abstract of the paper "Costs, Revenues, and Effectiveness of the Copenhagen Accord Emission Pledges for 2020," by Rob Dellink, Gregory Briner and Christa Clapp is presented.

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An abstract of the paper "Towards Global Carbon Pricing: Direct and Indirect Linking of Carbon Markets," by Rob Dellink, Stephanie Jamet, Jean Chateau and Roman Duval is presented.

The article discusses the modelling technique that was used in the report to study the effects of phasing out the energy consumption subsidies on the welfare of households in Indonesia through their income and expenditure. The model used is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ENV-Linkages model. Also cited are the expenditure effect of the subsidy phase out policy, including on the rate of return on labour, land or capital and income tax.

The article discusses the quantitative study on the fossil-fuel subsidy reforms in Indonesia as of March 2015. Based on the conducted simulation, the economic environmental and distributional performances of the reforms can be reconciled. Also examined are the reform's effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and in the country's gross domestic products (GDP).

The article discusses the various energy subsidies phase-out policy scenarios in Indonesia as of late March 2015. Based on the scenarios, the country will implement a gradual phase out of all electricity and fossil fuel subsidies for households and companies in 2012-2020. Among the tackled scenarios are the cash transfer scenario, the food subsidy scenario, and the labour support scenario.

The article discusses issues involved in the proposed reform on energy consumption subsidies, particularly in Indonesia, as of March 2015. It presents an analysis of the distributional effect of energy subsidy phase out policies in the country. Also cited are the effects of the phase out policies on various household groups, as well as some examples of redistribution schemes like cash transfers to households and improved public services.

A chart depicting the impact of the global mitigation policies and multiple carbon market on the welfare for 2020 in various countries including, Canada, Russia and Australia is presented.

References for the articles published in the July 1, 2013 issue of "OECD Environment Working Papers" are presented.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the emerging carbon markets, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in various sectors and the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for energy sector.

A foreword to a report about the macroeconomic, environmental and distributional consequences of energy subsidy reforms, particularly in Indonesia, as of late March 2015 is presented.

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This report develops an analytical framework that assesses the macroeconomic, environmental and distributional consequences of energy subsidy reforms. The framework is applied to the case of Indonesia to study the consequences in this country of a gradual phase out of all energy consumption subsidies between 2012 and 2020. The energy subsidy estimates used as inputs to this modelling analysis are those calculated by the International Energy Agency, using a synthetic indicator known as "price gaps". The analysis relies on simulations made with an extended version of the OECD's ENV-Linkages model. The phase out of energy consumption subsidies was simulated under three stylised redistribution schemes: direct payment on a per household basis, support to labour incomes, and subsidies on food products. The modelling results in this report indicate that if Indonesia were to remove its fossil fuel and electricity consumption subsidies, it would record real GDP gains of 0.4% to 0.7% in 2020, according to the redistribution scheme envisaged. The redistribution through direct payment on a per household basis performs best in terms of GDP gains. The aggregate gains for consumers in terms of welfare are higher, ranging from 0.8% to 1.6% in 2020. Both GDP and welfare gains arise from a more efficient allocation of resources across sectors resulting from phasing out energy subsidies. Meanwhile, a redistribution scheme through food subsidies tends to create other inefficiencies. The simulations show that the redistribution scheme ultimately matters in determining the overall distributional performance of the reform. Cash transfers, and to a lesser extent food subsidies, can make the reform more attractive for poorer households and reduce poverty. Mechanisms that compensate households via payments proportional to labour income are, on the contrary, more beneficial to higher income households and increase poverty. This is because households with informal labour earnings, which are not eligible for these payments, are more represented among the poor. The analysis also shows that phasing out energy subsidies is projected to reduce Indonesian CO2 emissions from fuel combustion by 10.8% to 12.6% and GHG emissions by 7.9% to 8.3%, in 2020 in the various scenarios, with respect to the baseline. These emission reductions exclude emissions from deforestation, which are large but highly uncertain and for which the model cannot make reliable projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of OECD Environment Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A foreword to the journal "OECD Environment Working Papers," is presented.

Competitiveness and carbon leakage issues have been some of the main concerns in the implementation and discussions of climate policies. These concerns are particularly important in the presence of multiple carbon markets since differences in climate change policy approaches may have impacts on the relative competitiveness of domestic sectors in countries with more stringent policies, and on the environmental effectiveness through carbon leakage. This paper examines the macroeconomic and sectoral competitiveness and carbon leakage impacts associated with a range of stylised mitigation policy scenarios. The scenarios reflect different depictions of carbon markets in terms of their level of linkages, their coverage (i.e. number of countries participating, types of gases and sectors) and the stringency of the carbon pricing policy across countries. The paper also investigates some policies to address competitiveness and carbon leakage issues. The analysis considers border carbon adjustments (BCAs) as well as direct and indirect (offset-based) linking of carbon markets. The results show that in presence of multiple carbon markets, competitiveness can decrease in countries that undertake climate policies, also leading to carbon leakage. The negative sectoral competitiveness and leakage effects can be reduced when more countries act, more emission sources are covered, and when the climate mitigation policy is harmonised across countries. The results also show that response policies, such as BCAs and linking of carbon markets, can address some, but not all, of the competitiveness and carbon leakage issues. While BCAs are more effective in addressing domestic competitiveness concerns than linking instruments, the latter are better in preserving the welfare of countries that are not undertaking a climate policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A foreword to an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report, which examined the results from a project on the use of integrated assessment models (IAM) for the modelling of adaptation costs in relation to the international negotiations on climate change, is presented.

An abstract to an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report that examined the adaptation and mitigation with an integrated framework in relation to the ongoing international negotiations on climate change, is presented.

A foreword to the report "Costs, Revenues, and Effectiveness of the Copenhagen Accord Emission Pledges for 2020," by Rob Dellink, Gregory Briner, and Christa Clapp of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Environment Directorate is presented.

This article presents an abstract of a study on the costs and effectiveness of the targets or actions pledged by many nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)'s ENV-Linkages computable general equilibrium model.

A foreword to research paper "OECD Environment Working Papers" is presented.

An abstract of an article concerning emissions trading systems is presented.

An abstract of the article "Costs, Revenues, and Effectiveness of the Copenhagen Accord Emission Pledges for 2020," by Rob Dellink, Gregory Briner and Christa Clapp is presented.

A foreword to the paper "Costs, Revenues, and Effectiveness of the Copenhagen Accord Emission Pledges for 2020," by Rob Dellink, Gregory Briner and Christa Clapp is presented.