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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes dysregulation of cell immunity, which predisposes to the development of cancer, including lymphomas. The lifespan of people diagnosed with HIV has increased over the years and, as a result, malignancies have a larger contribution to morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive population. After the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), it was observed that cancer is diagnosed in more than 40% of HIV-positive patients and almost 30% of HIV-related deaths are assigned to malignancy. Compared with general population, HIV-positive population has an increased risk to develop lymphomas. The improvement of survival in HIV-positive patients is the consequence of improved antiretroviral therapy, being more accessible and well tolerated, and the consequence of improved supportive strategies for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors have completely changed the treatment approach and prognosis in several types of solid cancers. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are proving important clinical benefits, but are also associated with a unique and different palette of side effects. Immune-related adverse events are different from common toxicities and they can have a wide spectrum of manifestations, involving different and multiple organ systems. Hematologic immune- related adverse events are rarely documented. Secondary neutropenia due to immune checkpoint inhibitors is a very rare entity and there are no guidelines available to date to provide a clear management in this situation. The awareness of this adverse event, albeit rare, is very important in order to prevent significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and the initiation of treatment are very important to prevent fatal outcome, and the complete blood count of patients receiving immunotherapy should be closely monitored [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia is a frequent complication in oncologic patients, being encountered both at the moment of cancer diagnosis and during different oncologic therapies. The presence of anemia, regardless of the cause or mechanism, in oncologic patients adversely affects the quality of life, the outcome of the neoplastic disease and the adherence to treatment. The mechanisms involved in the appearance of anemia in oncologic patients are intricated. Iron deficiency is a frequent cause of anemia in oncologic patients. This deficiency is noticed in approximately 50% of patients with solid and hematological tumors. In oncologic patients, the prevalent mechanism for iron deficiency is the functional mechanism. In this case, the iron stores are reduced due to the underlying oncologic condition or due to inflammatory processes associated to cancer treatments. Iron deficiency in cancer patients is often underestimated, mainly due to the difficulty of defining iron deficiency on the basis of usual laboratory markers. The current therapeutic options of cancer anemia include blood transfusions, iron substitution and erythropoietin-stimulating agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of a healthy diet is being promoted through many media channels, with recommendations regarding the quality, quantity and the food composition, as well as its influence in promoting a normal growth and development of human body, but also in preventing diseases and maintaining a good health condition and quality of life. Nutritional recommendations must be tailored according to age category, anthropometric and biologically individual status, as well as possible associated pathologies. The medical nutritional therapy is an individual medical approach for different pathologies, through a specific nutrition plan, developed and monitored by a nutritionist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]