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Background. Despite the recent amendments to the guidelines for the treatment of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (PCa) implying standard use of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists in combination with chemotherapy or androgen inhibitors, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains an essential component of treatment for advanced PCa. Testosterone target castration level of 20 ng/dL implies routine measurement of testosterone levels along with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels during ADT. It is particularly interesting to evaluate the frequency of achieving castration testosterone level in routine clinical practice. Objective: to assess the frequency of achieving castration testosterone level (20 ng/dL) and maintaining it after 6 months of therapy in patients with hormone-sensitive PCa receiving an LHRH agonist for the first time. Materials and methods. In 2019-2020, Russian Society of Cancer Urologists conducted a non-interventional prospective multicenter study (observational program) aimed to evaluate the efficacy of LHRH agonist (including buserelin, goserelin, leuprorelin or triptorelin) in routine clinical practice in Russia. This study involved 39 cancer urologists and 479 patients aged 18 years and older diagnosed with hormone-sensitive PCa, who started their ADT with LHRH agonists for the first time regardless of the disease stage and previous treatment. Patients received hormone therapy with an LHRH agonist for at least 6 months, visiting their doctor every 3 months (visit 1; visit 2: after 3 months; visit 3: after 6 months). Results. Patients received one of the following drugs: leuprorelin (3.75 mg; 7.5 mg; 22.5 mg; 45 mg; n = 225; 47,0 %), goserelin (3.6 mg; 10.8 mg; n = 132; 27.5 %), buserelin (3.75 mg; n = 67; 14.0 %), and triptorelin (3.75 mg; 11.25 mg; n = 55; 11.5 %). Of 479 patients, 186 (38.8 %) received combination treatment with bicalutamide, 12 (2.5 %) with fluta-mide, 54 (11.3 %) with zoledronic acid, and 11 (2.3 %) with denosumab. Among 146 patients with metastatic PCa, a combination of ADT plus docetaxel was administered to 30 participants (20.6 %), ADT plus abiraterone to 8 participants (5.5 %), and ADT plus enzalutamide to 2 participants (1.4 %). After 6 months of therapy, mean PSA level decreased by 94.2 % (from baseline 118.12 ng/mL to 6.87 ng/mL). Mean testosterone level was 19.0 ng/dL (range: 0.029-100 ng/dL). Among 430 patients, the targeted testosterone level 50 ng/dL. The incidence of adverse events was low; most of them were mild. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that not all patients achieve targeted testosterone level of

Several treatment options are currently available for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in routine clinical practice. However, clear standards of sequential use of registered drugs have not yet been developed. Affecting bone metastases, radium-223 is one of therapeutic options for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases, which was included in foreign and Russian guidelines for prostate cancer management. This article analyzes the results of treatment with radium-223 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in foreign non-interventional clinical trials conducted in routine clinical practice. These trials confirmed high efficacy and safety of radium-223 demonstrated earlier in the ALSYMPCA trial. Some protocols ensured better overall survival rates and lower incidence of symptomatic skeletal events and adverse events than those in the registration study.

Most often, neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is found in the gastrointestinal tract, broncho-pulmonary system, but they can also occur in other organs, such as the kidney, bladder, which is of most interest because of the rarity of this pathology. Until recently, there was not even a proper morphological classification for kidney NEC, and among some histological types, such as large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney, only about 7 cases were recorded, and independent bladder carcinoids, about 15 cases. Currently, there are no clinical and morphological features of the NEC of the kidney and bladder, fundamentally distinguishing them from other neuroendocrine tumors and “classic” cancer of the same localization. This article also provides the data of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology on the incidence of all malignant neoplasms of the urinary system.

This review of renal cell carcinoma describes new diagnostics and treatment standards, new guidelines from international professional organizations, key studies, and some articles of interest for oncological urologists published in 2018.

Currently, doctors have at their disposal a number of drugs prolonging life of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The majority is approved for use as the 1st line therapy and, in absence of direct comparison, is considered potentially equally effective. Patients with CRPC need continuous treatment for suppression of disease progression resulting in sequential use of therapeutic agents. Modern standards and recommendations do not provide a clear algorithm for prescription, therefore an individual approach is necessary taking in account various factors of a particular case ranging from previous therapies to patients’ preferences. This article considers the most significant factors affecting CRPC therapy selection and ways of therapy optimization in compliance with the established treatment standards and taking into account the list of drugs approved for use in Russia.

More than 90 % of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have radiologically confirmed skeletal metastases. Traditional treatment methods such as administration of painkillers, external beam therapy, bisphosphonates or denosumab, as well as injections of strontium-89 or samarium-153 radionuclides, have only palliative effect and in some cases can postpone development of skeletal complications. Alpha-emitter radium-223 dichloride (Ra-223; alpharadin previously) is currently one of the known drugs with proven effectiveness in relation to increasing overall survival of patients with CRPC. Ra-223 was developed specifically for patients with CRPC and symptomatic skeletal metastases. The drug targets the areas of skeletal tissue remodeling. Ra-223 is the therapy of choice in patients with CRPC and skeletal metastases and without confirmed visceral metastases before and after docetaxel chemotherapy. Chemotherapy after treatment with Ra-223 is a possible and satisfactory tolerable treatment option. Combination of Ra-223 with abiraterone, enzalutamide, or denosumab is, apparently, effective and safe, but further studies are necessary.

Background. On the pace of growth in Russia, renal carcinoma takes the 1st place. Approximately one third of patients at time of diagnosis have distant metastases, and relapse of the disease occurs in 30–40 %. Renal carcinoma does not manifest until later stage of the disease. More than in 50 % of cases renal carcinoma is revealed occasionally. Therefore, development of methods for quick and efficient diagnosis of the tumor is actual.Materials and methods. The level of messenger RNA expression for several genes was studied in the surgical material of paired samples (normal tissue and a malignant renal carcinoma). Quantification of gene expression was performed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction on Step One Plus instrument (Applied Biosystems, USA) by using TaqMan® Gene Expression Assays kits (Applied Biosystems, USA).Results. As a result of screening analysis of 200 genes expression in paired samples of renal carcinoma/normal renal tissue we selected 5 genes showing the highest frequency of increased expression in stages I–III of the development of clear renal cell carcinoma: CA9, EGLN3, HIG2, NDUFA4L2, STC2.Conclusion. As a result of the expression study we developed a new panel, including CA9, HIG2 and STC2 genes which has high sensitivity (96.8 %) and specificity (92.9 %) for differential diagnosis of the early clear cell renal cell carcinoma on the basis of determining the level of messenger RNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. This approach allows you to diagnose clear cell renal cell carcinoma quickly (within 1 day), and differentiate it from other types of renal cell cancer. In addition, it opens the possibility of non-invasive diagnosis of renal carcinoma in the future.

This article deals with the intermediate results of the multicentral observational program on the 6-month prodrug leuprorelin acetate (Eligard 45 mg) administration. The study objective is to confirm the efficiency and safety of the Eligard 45 mg administration in patients with the prostate cancer in the clinical practice of the oncourology specialists in Russia. In 12 months of the hormone therapy with the Eligard 45 mg there was the clinically relevant decrease of the prostatic specific antigen (PSA) levels secondary to the appropriate suppression of the testosterone level lower than the castration one < 20 ng / dl. The PSA level decreased, at an average, on 82 % (from 41.4 to 7.65 ng / ml). In 89 % of patients, treated with Eligard 45 mg, the testosterone level was < 20 ng / dl. The patients», treated with Eligard 45 mg, quality of life analysis showed the improvement of this criteria in the course of the treatment. Thus, intermediate results of the multicentral observational program, proved the favorable tolerability and efficiency of the 6-month prodrug Eligard 45 mg towards the PSA and testosterone serum levels suppression in the routine clinical practice in prostate cancer patients.

Objective: to estimate overall survival (OS) rates in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), who have received currently available drugs and to identify the predictors of OS. Subjects and methods. The case histories of 112 patients with mCRPC treated at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center in 2005 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients had received standard regimens based on docetaxel, cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate in combination with prednisolone. Results. Whatever the treatment option was, three-year OS rate was 32.0 ± 5.44 %; median survival was 24.3 months. The following poor prognostic factors for OS were pain syndrome; an ECOG performance status score of 2; the levels of prostate-specific antigen ≥ 288 ng/ml, lactate dehydrogenase ≥ 450 U/l, alkaline phosphatase ≥ 250 U/l, calcium < 2.28 mmol/l, and hemoglobin < 11.5 g/dl; as well as < 24 months’ duration of a response to hormonal therapy. Conclusion. The use of standard drug treatment regimen for mCRPC may increase survival in this category of patients to achieve 3-years OV; and the identified factors of OV may aid in choosing treatment policy.

Androgen deprivation therapy with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonists versus therapy with agonists of this hormone ensures a better disease control due to the rapider and persistent suppression of testosterone levels without a flare phenomenon and requires no preventive use of antiandrogens. The third-generation LHRH antagonist degarelix shows a good tolerability and causes no systemic al-lergic reactions inherent in the earlier known drugs of this group. As indicated, the use of degarelix was characterized by the longer response of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with a lower risk of adverse reactions, namely, serious cardiovascular and osseous complications, urinary tract infections (UTI). Thus, in males with a history of cardiovascular diseases, the risk of serious cardiovascular events or death decreased by 56% just within the first year of degarelix therapy. The findings allow degarelix to be regarded as the drug of choice for first-line hormone therapy in patients with advanced PC, particularly in males with cardiovascular disease or a high risk for UTI and osseous complications.

The advent of a variety of new drugs to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which have demonstrated their efficacy in increasing overall and progression-free survival, has considerably enhanced treatment possibilities in this category of patients. The standard treatment of metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) remains to be first-line chemotherapy with docetaxel 75 mg/m2 in combination with prednisolone 10 mg/day every 3 weeks. The new drugs also available in Russia are cabazitaxel and abiraterone acetate, which are approved for second-line treatment in mCRPC patients treated with docetaxel. The optimum sequence of therapy and the time of its use in view of the heterogeneity of a CRPC patient population remain open.

The paper describes a clinical case of testicular capillary hemangioma in a 24-year-old man undergone a partial resection of the testis with the intraoperative morphological examination. Testicular capillary hemangioma is a rare benign tumor of a vascular origin, which can be similar to malignant testicular tumors on the clinical presentation, as well as on the imaging methods, in particular to seminoma. The intraoperative histological study can assist in avoiding organ-removing surgical interventions in diagnostically ambiguous cases if a benign testicular tumor is diagnosed.