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Association between gene-environment interaction and myopia/spherical equivalent has not been systematically reported. This paper reviewed nine studies concerning gene-environment interaction in myopia. We obtained relevant studies concerning gene-environment interaction in myopia by systematically searching the MEDLINE(PubMed), Cochrane, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang databases before 31 March 2020. Data were analyzed by STATA version 16.0 software, and figures were drawn by ArcGIS V.10.0 software. Nine studies were included in this review concerning gene-environment interaction. Gene and education interaction in adult cohorts suggested a more significant genetic effect in higher education levels than lower education levels, using both candidate genes and PRS approaches. Several interacted genetic variants, including ZMAT4(rs2137277), GJD2(rs524952), TJP2 (rs11145488) from adult study and ZMAT4(rs7829127) from child study are pinpointed out, but the replication attempts were limited. Besides, the genetic effect was associated with a significant shift at a higher educational level (Pooled β = −0.15,95%CI = −0.19–0.11) towards myopia than that at a lower education level (Pooled β = −0.10,95%CI = −0.11–0.09). This study summarizes the relationship between gene-environment interaction and myopia, and interaction effect of the gene or genetic risk score with the environment could be found in these studies. The effect of gene-environment (higher education) interaction substantially impacts myopia in adult studies. Evidence that environmental factors (Increased near-work time/decreased outdoor activities) increase the genetic risk is still limited, and specific SNPs contributing to gene-environment effect are not determined yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Parental rural-to-urban migration has a wide range of health effects on children's but its impact on children's refractive status remains unclear. We aim to examine whether parental rural-to-urban migration could influence the refractive status of their children in rural areas of China. Methods: Among the 2346 grade 7 students in the Mojiang Myopia Progression Study, information regarding parental migration was collected by questionnaires and was successfully obtained in 2105 participants. Refractive error was measured in diopters (D) with cycloplegia using an autorefractor and axial length (AL) was measured using an IOL Master. One-to-one nearest-neighbor matching techniques with a 0.01 caliper level were used to estimate the propensity score matching (PSM) models. Results: Among all the participants, 472 pairs (1 student with vs. 1 student without migrant parents) were successfully matched based on propensity scores. Students with migrant parents had a lower proportion of myopia (29.2% vs. 40.7%; P <.001) and more hyperopic refractions (−0.25D vs. −0.31D; P =.04) compared with those without. They also had shorter ALs (23.4 mm vs. 23.6 mm) but the difference was not significance (P =.18). In addition, students with migrant parents spent less time reading after school per day (0.87 vs. 1.01 hours; P =.01). Conclusions: Myopia is less prevalent among children with migrant parents compared with those without. This study indicated that living without parents might be a protect factor for myopia in Chinese school student via giving them less pressure on study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aim to determine the association of the types of lamp for homework including incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp, and light-emitting diode (LED) lamp with the prevalence of myopia in Chinese children. Methods: 2346 grade 7 students from ten middle schools (93.5% response rate) aged 13 to 14 years in Mojiang, a small county located in Southwestern China, participated in the study. Refractive error was measured with cycloplegia using an autorefractor by optometrists or trained technicians. An IOL Master was used to measure ocular biometric parameters including axial length (AL). Information regarding the types of lamp for homework af``ter schools was collected by questionnaires. Results: Of all the study participants, 693 (29.5%) were affected by myopia, with the prevalence estimates being higher in girls (36.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.0, 39.6) than in boys (22.8%; 95% CI: 20.4, 25.1) (P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders such as gender, height, parental history of myopia, time on computer use, time on watching TV, time outdoors, and time on reading and writing, participants using LED lamps for homework had a more myopic refractive error and a longer AL compared with those using incandescent or fluorescent lamps. There were no significant differences in myopia prevalence between children using incandescent and fluorescent lamps for homework. The population attributable risk percentage for myopia associated with using LED lamps for homework after schools was 11.2%. Conclusions: Using LED lamps for homework after schools might contribute to the development of myopia among school-aged children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]