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A serious error exists in the above paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an electronic reconfigurable pattern control using artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) graphene surfaces for terahertz (THz) applications. The proposed graphene AMC surface consists of modified star-shaped slotted graphene sheets printed on the top and bottom sides of dielectric substrate. Square graphene ring with 1 µm width is used to control the ground plane size of the AMC-surface. The AMC-cell operates at 1.4 THz with wide frequency varying range from 1.05 to 2.2 THz for µc changed from 0.1 to 2 eV. The radiated waves from a rectangular dipole antenna backed by graphene AMC surface is deflected from the broadside direction to the end-fire direction. According to the number of unbiased graphene ring rows Nun the beam direction is controlled. The effective area of the proposed graphene-based AMC reflector is increased or decreased through operating these rings, respectively. Biasing graphene means applying a DC voltage value across it corresponding to µc = 2 eV, while corresponding to µc = 0 eV. Different AMC surfaces arrangements are investigated. For 17 × 17 AMC unit-cell, the peak gain direction in the y–z plane is θ = 0° for Nun= 0, θ = ± 16° for Nun= 4 rows, θ = ± 65° for Nun= 6 rows, and θ = ± 90° for Nun= 8 rows. The HPBW is 232°, 236°, and 239° for Nun= 4, 6, and 8 unbiased rows, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer nanocomposites are currently in high demand for developing various types of flexible electronic devices.In the progress of polymer nanocomposite materials, herein, tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles and PVA:CA/SnO2 conductive polymer nanocomposite papers were synthesized by the sol–gel method as flexible polymer electrodes. Different molar concentrations of SnO2 were used as a conductive agents in nanocomposites, and citric acid was used to improve the mechanical properties of PVA/SnO2 hydrogel nanocomposite. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The XRD results showed that at an annealing temperature of T = 500 °C, the structure of SnO2 nanoparticles is completely crystalline and corresponds to the tetragonal structure. Also, the intensity of diffraction peaks indicates the increase in the size of nanocrystals and a strengthening of the crystal order. TEM imaging of SnO2 nanoparticles showed that the size of nanoparticles after annealing at T = 500 °C is in the range of 5–25 nm. The results of UV–Vis spectroscopy also showed that the optical transmission by injecting SnO2 nanoparticles into the polymer substrate reduces the optical transparency and adding citric acid to the polymer substrate increases the transparency of PVA:CA/SnO2 nanocomposites compared to PVA/SnO2 polymer. Also, the energy gap from PVA/SnO2 and PVA:CA/SnO2 nanocomposite papers showed that by increasing the concentration of SnO2 nanoparticles, the energy gap decreases, and the energy gap was estimated in the range of 3.15–4.04 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to possess narrow passband and high transmittance at the center wavelengths of three primary colors, a three-cavity Fabry–Perot (FP) color filter is proposed whose center wavelengths are 700 nm (red), 546.1 nm (green) and 435.8 nm (blue) respectively. Through simulation, it is found that when the green color filter is in the middle, the transmission peaks only appear at the wavelength of three primary colors in the visible light range. And the structure of green color filter in the middle is designed as LH 6 2 L HL 6 while the structure of red and blue color filters on both sides is HL 6 2 H LH 6 to avoid high transmission peaks other than the center wavelengths of three primary colors caused by the 2H half-wavelength layer at the junction after combination. On this basis, the film thickness has been optimized to improve the transmittance at the wavelengths of the three primary colors and suppress the transmittance at other wavelengths. Through simulation analysis, it can be seen that the transmittance of the improved filter with optimized film thickness reach 99.64%, 96.77% and 92.94% at the wavelengths of 700.6 nm, 545.8 nm and 434.8 nm, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) are 2.1 nm, 4.5 nm and 3.1 nm respectively. Compared with a three-primary-color filter based on grating structure, photonic crystal and metal film plasmonic, the three-cavity FP color filter proposed in this paper has not only higher transmittance at the center wavelengths of three primary color but also very narrow FWHM, which is 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the former. Due to its superior performance, simple structure and convenient design, the filters of this structure are expected to be widely applied in display technology, color synthesis and modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this comment, we show by simple calculation that the new auxiliary equation method (Khater method) used in the above paper is absolutely wrong. Consequently, all the exact solutions of the proposed nonlinear equation obtained in the above paper are also wrong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiple quantum well (MQW) transistor vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (T-VCSEL) is designed and numerically modeled. The important physical models and parameters are discussed and validated by modeling a conventional VCSEL and comparing the results with the experiment. The quantum capture/escape process is simulated using the quantum-trap model and shows a significant effect on the electrical output of the T-VCSEL. The parameters extracted from the numerical simulation are imported into the analytic modeling to predict the frequency response and simulate the large-signal modulation up to 40 Gbps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Dressel, M., Gruner, G.: Electrodynamics of Solids: Optical Properties of Electrons in Matter. Cambridge University Press (2002). b The authors have followed the above reference and utilized the novel application of the fractional operator. As we already mentioned, that equation was published in. B Dressel, M., Gruner, G.: Electrodynamics of Solids: Optical Properties of Electrons in Matter. [Extracted from the article]

Nonlinear impacts arising from Kerr effect cause crucial limitations in the performance of optical communication systems. The combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM in WDM-based communication systems has rarely been focused on with experimental or numerical methods because of complicated nature of optical nonlinear phenomena, modeling complexity, limitations on testing equipment and difficulties in performing measurements over long distances. Furthermore, in limited number of papers concentrating on the combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM in WDM-based systems, total impact has generally been determined by summation of results obtained from individual impacts of SPM, XPM and FWM. Thus, the interplay among SPM, XPM and FWM has often been neglected. In this paper, the combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM in DWDM long-haul communication systems has been modeled and computationally analyzed. Variations of signal-to-crosstalk ratio (SXR) with input powers of channels and channel spacings under the combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM and the single impact of FWM have been observed and compared. Comparison of research results with results of former studies has also been presented. Research results show that combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM is significant below 100 GHz channel spacings for input powers of 3 mW and 5 mW, below 50 GHz channel spacings for 1 mW input powers and below 30 GHz channel spacings for 0.5 mW input powers. For input powers of 0.1 mW, instead of the combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM, single impact of FWM can be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater visible light communication emerges as a promising technique to enhance the capacity of underwater wireless communication networks for upcoming generation. Major technical problem with underwater visible light communication systems in motion is the pointing, acquisition, and tracking. To ease pointing, acquisition, and tracking, hence it is important to navigate optical information beam over broad range and adjust the transmitter beam divergence angle according to the link condition, which is adjusted by the Optisystem software. In this paper, performance comparison among wide range of transmittance optical beams in underwater visible light communications system for high-speed communication is presented for PIN as well as for Avalanche photodiode. The effect of using variable transmittance beam-divergence angle on the bit-error rate, signal-to-noise ratio, communication link distance is also investigated. OptiSystem and MATLAB software is used to implement the underwater visible light communication transceiver system. Finally, it is shown in the paper that in the presence of pointing errors, adaptive beam control techniques improve the performance of high-speed Underwater visible light communication system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (DWDM-PONs) have become a considerable choice for 5G and beyond fronthaul implementations. Formerly, we have proposed a full-duplex bidirectional DWDM-PON architecture convenient for those implementations and analyzed the combined dual impact of four-wave mixing (FWM) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) nonlinear impairments on the proposed architecture. Meanwhile, a detailed literature analysis showed us that the combined quadruple impact of self phase modulation (SPM), cross phase modulation (XPM), FWM and SRS on the performance of bidirectional DWDM-PONs have never been researched up to now. In this paper, quadruple impact of SPM, XPM, FWM and SRS on the performance of both uplink channels (ULCs) and downlink channels (DLCs) of the formerly proposed DWDM-PON has been analyzed with simulations. Simulations have been performed in O-band region for ULCs and in C-band region for DLCs of 2 × 15- and 2 × 63-channel DWDM-PONs having 12.5 GHz, 25 GHz, 50 GHz, 100 GHz equally-spaced channels. The quadruple impact of optical nonlinear impairments on the DWDM-PON performance has been analyzed with signal-to-crosstalk ratio (SXR) simulations performed under varying channel input powers and channel lengths. Results show that under the quadruple nonlinear impact reliable bidirectional transmission with an SXR over 23 dB can be achieved for channel input powers below 0.58 mW and 0.16 mW in 2 × 15- and 2 × 63-channel DWDM-PONs, respectively, for all channel spacing values and 25 km transmission lengths. Moreover, results also imply that variations in channel lengths do not significantly affect SXR at both ULCs and DLCs of 2 × 15- and 2 × 63-channel DWDM-PONs for lengths exceeding 50 km. The thorough analysis presented in the paper will give a new insight for analysis of conventional and next generation PONs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasensitive temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) filled with liquid crystal and nanogold rods using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is numerically analyzed in this paper. Gold is selected as a plasmonic metal to excite the SPR phenomenon. This paper shows a comparative study and inspects the effect of temperature sensing performance between one big gold rod and lattice of nanoscale gold rods. A finite element method (FEM) using COMSOL software has been applied for the investigation of some propagation characteristics of the PCF sensor. From the numerical results, it is observed that introducing an array of nanoscale gold rods helps to obtain high temperature sensitivity. After watchful investigation, the maximum sensitivities of 23 nm/°C have been achieved as the temperature changes from 30 °C to 40 °C. Compared with some previously reported temperature sensors, our proposed temperature sensor shows excellent sensitivity performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the (3 + 1) dimensional extended quantum Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation in weakly nonlinear ion-acoustic phenomena and quantum electron-positron-ion magneto plasma. For accomplishing this goal, two distinct mathematical approaches namely new mapping method and new Kudryashov's method are fashioned. These solutions encompass dark, bright, singular, periodic singular, and some other rational solutions. Graphical depictions of some obtained solutions by 2D, 3D and contour plots meticulously crafted within figures offered profound insights into the deep physical appearances of the structures under examination. Our outcomes highlight that the proposed methods assist as an efficient and inclusive approaches to discover the solitons for the present model. The comparison with previous papers highlights that the methods employed in our study are being utilized for the first time within the context of the extended quantum Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation which underscores the novelty of our paper. By retaining these two methods, we not only boost our consideration of the dynamical behavior of these kind of models but also provide a useful tool for finding specific soliton solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the spatial perception requirements for autonomous ship navigation in common scenarios such as ocean navigation, port entry and exit, and lock passage, commercial vehicle-mounted LiDAR technology falls short of demands in aspects such as sensing distance, field of view, angular resolution, and spatial sampling density. This paper proposes a hundred-beam-scale LiDAR scheme based on large-field-of-view diffractive beam splitting and a fiber array for echo reception and presents an in-depth investigation of the angular nonuniformity of diffractive beam splitting and the microradian-scale alignment for such hundred-beam-scale large-field-of-view LiDAR. This paper considers a combination of split-beam transmission based on a high-order diffractive optical element (DOE) and echo reception based on a high-precision fiber-optic line array. The nonlinear angular characteristics of the DOE are deduced and analyzed for a large field of view. The units of the receiving fiber-optic array are designed to offset the influence of the angular nonlinearity of the DOE, ensuring high-precision receiver–transmitter alignment of the hundred-beam-scale LiDAR for beams at any order of diffraction and helping to reduce system errors. The above-described LiDAR system has undergone laboratory testing and practical engineering verification, and it provides a new optical solution for LiDAR systems at the hundred-beam scale with a large field of view, a small divergence angle, and high sampling density. The presented system achieves a registration accuracy of 66.5 μrad with 128 beams and a 10-degree field of view, greatly improving signal reception efficiency. Such LiDAR systems have a wide range of applications, including space docking, target identification, lunar and planetary exploration, and ground-based vehicle-mounted LiDAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the application of the enhanced modified tanh expansion method and the Kudryashov method in deriving optical solutions for a conformable nonlinear Schrödinger equation. This equation includes Kudryashov's arbitrary refractive index and incorporates two distinct nonlocal nonlinearities. The resulting optical solutions are expressed using a combination of exponential and hyperbolic functions, encompassing kink-type, mixed dark-bright, bright, bell-shaped, multi-bright, and wave solitons. Visualization of these solutions is provided through two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and contour plots to elucidate their characteristics. Furthermore, the behavior of these optical solutions is analyzed via illustrative graphs, considering different values of the time parameter and conformable order derivative. The proposed methods are posited as precise approaches for investigating optical solutions across various formulations of Schrödinger equations. The methods proposed in the paper offer precise approaches for studying and understanding the behavior of light in complex optical systems described by Schrödinger equations. This research contributes to advancing our knowledge of nonlinear optics and may have practical applications in fields such as telecommunications, laser technology, and optical signal processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to focus on improving the unified F-expansion method and investigating the evolution phenomenon of solitary waves on periodic wave background. Based on the unified F-expansion method, the main innovation of this paper is to propose multiple unified F-expansion method and successfully construct a series of complexiton solutions for a (3+1) dimensional Burgers like equation, further enriching the types and quantities of exact solutions. In addition, compared with the multiple G'/G expansion method, the complexiton solutions composed of multiple Jacobian elliptic functions presented in this paper have new structural characteristics, which can explain two novel nonlinear phenomena: one type of complexiton solutions can describe the propagation process of solitary waves on periodic wave background; Another type of complexiton solution can exhibit the propagation process of solitary waves on composite periodic wave background. These novel findings and conclusions in this paper have greater value and significance than the propagation of solitary waves on zero background. Furthermore, the multiple unified F-expansion method can also solve variable coefficient nonlinear evolution equations, high-order nonlinear evolution equations, and coupled nonlinear complex systems. Therefore, the multiple unified F-expansion method provides an effective approach for the study of nonlinear theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency diverse array (FDA) is a very interesting technique in wireless communications. Many research papers are introduced in this field. A lot of them is concerned with linear point sources array. In this paper, a design of a time-modulated planar frequency diverse array architecture is proposed for tracking single or multi-target for the first time. The time-modulation array (TMA) and FDA are combined for detecting single and multi-target. The effectiveness of this combined scheme is demonstrated through simulation results that compared with a point source case to show its superior performance. Authors introduce planar FDA array instead of linear FDA array and realize the planar array using cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna array (CDRA). A planar array consists of 8 × 8 CDRA is used to enable the detection of single target/multi-target. The operating frequency of the antenna is set at 10 GHz, aligning with its applications in the FDA radar. The radiation characteristics of the CDRA antenna element are introduced. High maximum gain of 6 dBi is achieved with a remarkably high efficiency. A set of representative results is reported and analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we establish a comprehensive model for polarization errors in sensors based on Michelson interferometers. An analytical model of polarization error is derived using the Jones matrix method and optical path tracing methodology. The findings demonstrate that the non-reciprocity of the cross-coupling waves, stemming from variations in the polarization cross-coupling positions between the upper and lower interferometer arms in the Michelson interferometer, is the source of polarization error. This non-reciprocity gives rise to amplitude-type error and intensity-type error in the interferometer, both of which can be mitigated by increasing the extinction ratio of the polarizer and reducing the polarization cross-coupling in the optical path. Moreover, employing a light source with low degree of polarization reduces the correlation between orthogonal polarization states, effectively reducing amplitude-type error. When the extinction ratio of the polarizer is limited and the polarization cross-coupling in the optical path is challenging to control, this method proves effective in suppressing amplitude-type error, which is a dominant factor of polarization error, thus enhancing the performance of the sensor. The analysis presented in this paper provides theoretical support for the fabrication and application of Michelson interferometer sensors and holds significant importance for improving sensors’ performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, Optical Wireless Communications provide high data rates and minimal delay, making them ideal for real-time video and image applications in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). However, Line-of-Sight (LOS) communication may not always be feasible due to misalignment, obstacles, or the random orientation of transceivers, especially for underwater sensor nodes or mobile users, to mitigate this challenge, a non-LOS (NLOS) link configuration is established. This paper conducts a feasibility study of communication links using a link budget approach to determine the feasible NLOS communication range for two types of transmitters: light emitting diode photo source (LED-PS) and laser diode photo source (LD-PS), at two wavelengths. A more realistic power link budget is developed. This paper examines the effects of underwater channel scattering and absorption, LED and LD-PS-based transmitters, and SiPM-PD-based receivers. In addition, it investigates how underwater environments, transmitter, and receiver parameters impact the communication link range. The effect of different water types on communication range was analyzed. Various transmitter parameters such as beam divergence angle and optical power, as well as receiver parameters such as incident angle and PD active area, were explored. The impact of different Lambertian order values was also assessed. The contribution of this paper is knowing the value of the received power used to determine the communication distance, this power is compared to the required receiver sensitivity, and the resulting link margin is used to determine the feasibility of the communication link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper simulates the relative performance of various artificial intelligence (AI) techniques when applied to nonlinear distortion compensation in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication systems. These procedures are less complex than state-of-the-art compensation methods and do not necessitate prior knowledge about the properties of data in neighboring WDM channels, which can be practically challenging. In this study, Neural Networks (NNs) were integrated into both the transmitter and receiver sections of 3- and 5-channel WDM systems, and the resulting enhancement in performance (Q-factor) was assessed across varying levels of fiber nonlinearities. While the NN stage enhances the system performance, the improvement decreases as expected with the channel number and γ . Next, two-stage architectures that employ a transmitter side NN together with a classifier at the receiver side were modeled. For the systems examined in this paper simple decision tree structures, boosting, forests, extra trees, and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifiers all yielded enhanced system performance compared to simple chromatic dispersion compensation (CDC) with the only exception being Ada boosting which decreased the Q-factor for γ = 14 W - 1 k m - 1 . The outcomes of these investigations show that the most effective performance in highly nonlinear WDM systems is attained by employing two-stage systems, with the incorporation of random forest or extra tree AI methods at the receiver side yielding the highest results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plane wave scattering by a cylindrically conformal periodic array (CCPA) of graphene patches on a dielectric rod (DR) is studied in the THz frequency range. The patches are placed periodically in the azimuth direction. Such a structure is of interest in sensing applications where graphene patch arrays can be used as mid-IR biosensors. The analysis is performed with the Method of Moments (MoM) using sub-domain piece wise sinusoidal (PWS) basis functions. The scattering characteristics are studied for both H- and E-polarised incident plane waves and the resonant frequencies of the bistatic radar cross section (RCS) are determined and validated with CST. In the paper the focus is on the Helmholtz type resonances for the H-polarisation and the half wavelength resonances for the E-polarization. It is shown in the paper that a different number of patches results in a different radiation pattern, leading to the fact that the scattering characteristics depend on the observation angle. Also, in the case of H-polarisation the resonant frequencies of the CCPA with one slotted cylinder behave differently for the graphene and the perfect electrically conducting (PEC) cylinder when the cylinder length in z-direction decreases. Namely, the resonant frequencies decrease for the graphene case and increase for the PEC case. It is observed that for the H-polarisation the total absorption level prevails over the total scattering level, while for the E-polarisation the situation is the opposite. A good agreement with CST Microwave Studio is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical Wireless Communications (OWCs) are capable of handling large data rates in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) at low latency to be suitable for real-time image and video applications. This paper presents communication link feasibility via link budget to determine the link communication range for three types of line-of-sight link configurations: point-to-point, diffused, and modulating retro-reflector link. The main aim of this paper is to present a more realistic power link budget which is developed to take into account the following: LED Photo Source Lambertian radiation model, Beer-Lambert pass loss model that includes absorption and scattering effects of water types, Spherical wave propagation model, photodetector which is modeled by active area model, transmitter projection optics (PO) gain and receiver collection optics (CO) gain. Moreover, this paper considers the effects of aquatic channels 'scattering and absorption by using intensity modulation direct detection IM-DD OOK, LED and LD–PS based transmitter, and SiPM-PD based receiver. The impact of different underwater environments, transmitter, and receiver parameters will be investigated on the communication link range. Its communication range on the order of tens of meters could be achieved by the three-link configurations. It is concluded from the analysis; that the line-of-sight point-to-point provides more communication range than a diffused line of sight. A diffused line of sight is used when it is required to multicast from a node to several nodes. Modulating retro-reflector provides moderate communication range and it is used when one party has more resources than the other one on the communication link. Medium distances are achieved by up to a hundred meters by placing multiple relay nodes between the source node and the destination node. The communication range is increased as increasing the active physical area of the photodetector and the transmitted power of the photo source. The communication range in both clear sea water and clear ocean water is higher than turbid water which is less since optical water suffers from higher attenuation. By using the multi-hop concept, an extended communication link range can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel silicon nanoparticle-based sensor has been investigated. Bloch surface wave excitation in a one-dimensional photonic crystal using a silicon nanoparticle on the top defect layer is examined on various parameters. This paper compares the confinement of Bloch surface wave using with and without silicon nanoparticles. The confinement of surface waves is modified by varying the size of the silicon nanoparticle. The structural parameters are optimized for an 850 nm (nm) central wavelength. At the central wavelength of 850 nm, the confinement of surface waves gets modified by varying the size of the silicon nanoparticle. The proposed novel silicon nanoparticle-based sensor was investigated and its efficacy in terms of sensitivity, quality factor, and Figure of merit was evaluated. The sensitivity is demonstrated to be 148.88 Degree/Refractive index unit (RIU), with a quality factor of 10,146.83 nm and a figure of merit (FOM) of 1777.24 per Refractive index unit (RIU− 1) for sensors with a silicon nanoparticle-based multilayer structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel model proposed by Wazwaz et al. in 2023, in the nonlinear optics literature. This contributes to advancing optical devices and technologies, particularly in telecommunications and laser systems. The characteristics of bright, dark, and periodic soliton solutions for the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with fourth-order nonlinearity and dispersion are explored in this paper. The relevance of these solutions lies in the study of nonlinear waves propagating in an inhomogeneous optical fiber. The soliton solutions are obtained through the implementation of three analytical methods: the Kudryashov method, the Bernoulli Sub-ODE method, and the Extended Direct Algebraic method. The bright, dark, and periodic soliton solutions are constructed by utilizing bilinear forms. Furthermore, the impact of variable coefficients on the structures of these solitons is analyzed. Graphical illustrations depict the propagation of bright, dark, and periodic solitons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible light communication (VLC) becomes an interesting technology for next-generation networks due to its wide license-free spectrum. However, the limited modulation bandwidth of the light sources remains a challenge for VLC networks. To address this issue, a new architecture that combines both non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and filter bank multicarrier communication (FBMC) is suggested in this paper to improve spectrum efficiency in VLC networks. However, this enhancement comes with the drawback of a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Therefore, this paper also proposes a three-layer hybrid PAPR reduction method based on integrating amplitude clipping (AC) and selective mapping (SLM) techniques with Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT). The proposed method improves both the bit error rate (BER) and PAPR performances of the NOMA based FBMC-VLC network. Applying the proposed PAPR reduction method to the NOMA-based FBMC-VLC architecture achieve a notable enhancement in throughput while simultaneously improving both PAPR and BER performances. The results demonstrate a notable increase in network throughput, with gains of 9 b/s/Hz and 2 b/s/Hz in comparison to conventional FBMC and the system outlined in Hesham and Ismail (Opt Quant Electron 54:201, 2022), respectively. Furthermore, both PAPR and BER performances exhibit satisfactory improvements of 7.75 dB and 10 dB, respectively, following the application of the proposed hybrid PAPR reduction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) circularly polarized stacked Cylindrical Dielectric Resonant Antenna design integrated with graphene and polarization switching, propelling significant advancements in THz wireless communication. The proposed antenna achieved a wideband Impedance bandwidth of 3.12 THz, complemented by an overlapping Axial Ratio (AR) bandwidth (ARBW) of 2.01 THz, respectively. The antenna incorporates a new Defected Ground Structure to generate a wideband frequency response. The integration of graphene on top of the DRAs further enhances the antenna's performance, significantly boosting gain and radiation efficiency. A standout feature of this antenna is its seamless switching capability between Left-Hand Circular Polarization and Right-Hand Circular Polarization, making it highly adaptable for diverse communication scenarios. Additionally, the resonant frequency of the antenna can be precisely tuned by varying the graphene chemical potential (µc), offering enhanced flexibility. The paper also investigates a 2 × 2 MIMO configuration with excellent performance parameters, showcasing its suitability for THz wireless communication. Furthermore, the proposed antenna exhibits very high isolation between the ports by varying µc. The key features of the antenna include wideband frequency response and AR response, polarization switching, tuning of resonant frequency, high gain, and high efficiency. These advantages mark a significant milestone in THz wireless communication, setting new benchmarks for efficiency, adaptability, and overall performance in this rapidly evolving field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in females in a large number of countries around the world. One in every twenty females gets confirmed to have breast cancer during their lifetime, though the number varies significantly by country. There are various conventional methods to spot the breast cancer cells, such as magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray mammography, biopsies, and ultrasound. The early identification of cancer cells helps to save many human lives. This paper investigates tumor detection in a breast phantom using a Photonic crystal (PhC) based hourglass terahertz patch antenna. This paper designed four different antenna structures: conventional hourglass patch antenna (with and without breast phantom) and PhC-based hourglass patch antenna (with and without breast phantom). The proposed PhC antenna models and the breast phantom are designed using the CST studio suite and analyzed the various antenna parameters. The observed S11 parameter for the proposed structures is − 21.50, − 25.34, − 33.78 and − 50.32 dB. The proposed antenna resonated in THz frequency, which does not affect human health and is safer due to non-ionizing characteristics. The suggested PhC structure is tiny, less expensive, lightweight, environmentally benign, and can be utilized as a primary screening technique for people with breast cancer, especially in resource-limited areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the complex characteristics of the modified Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation ( m BBM ) and the Klein–Gordon ( K G ) equation in the field of mathematical physics. The m BBM equation is a basic model used to describe surface water waves, especially in shallow water situations. It provides valuable information on wave propagation, stability, and the formation of solitons. The applications of this instrument are wide-ranging, including fields such as oceanography, where it plays a crucial role in comprehending wave behavior. On the other hand, the K G equation is of utmost importance in quantum field theory since it sheds light on the dynamics and interactions of scalar fields such as mesons. Within the field of particle physics, it offers substantial insights into basic concepts, acting as a fundamental basis for comprehending particle behavior. The primary goal of our work is to develop strong analytical techniques for solving these problems. In order to tackle these issues, we use two novel methodologies: the extended simple equation technique and the generalized Kudryashov method. Furthermore, we validate our results by using the extended cubic–B–spline approach for numerical computations. The work effectively solves these intricate equations, resulting in encouraging results. The presented approaches demonstrate their effectiveness, providing significant advances to mathematical physics. This work has inherent worth by presenting innovative analytical methods and perspectives, particularly designed to solve complex nonlinear equations such as the m BBM and K G equations. The finding has significant ramifications that extend across several scientific fields, offering novel approaches to tackle complex issues in mathematical physics. To summarize, our paper introduces innovative analytical techniques designed to solve nonlinear equations in the field of mathematical physics, with a particular emphasis on the m BBM and K G equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear dynamical problems, characterized by unpredictable and chaotic changes among variables over time, pose unique challenges in understanding. This paper explores the coupled nonlinear (2+1)-dimensional complex modified Korteweg-de-Vries (cmKdV) equation-a fundamental equation in applied magnetism and nanophysics. The study focuses on dynamic behaviors, specifically examining bifurcations and equilibrium points leading to chaotic phenomena by introducing an external term to the system. Employing chaos theory, we showcase the chaotic tendencies of the perturbed dynamical system. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis using the Runge-Kutta method reveals the solution's stability under slight variations in initial conditions. Innovatively, the paper utilizes the planar dynamical system technique to construct various solitons within the governing model. This research provides novel insights into the behavior of the (2+1)-dimensional cmKdV equation and its applications in applied magnetism and nanophysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Magnetic Pulse Compression (MPC) system is a well-established method for generating high-peak-power, short-duration voltage pulses, commonly used in pulse power supplies (PPS). Traditionally designed for a fixed high repetition rate, this paper explores the techniques and outcomes of variable repetition rate operation in an MPC-based PPS used to excite a copper vapor laser (CVL). Specifically, the PPS, initially designed for 9 kHz operation, is tested at three different rates: 8 kHz, 9 kHz, and 10 kHz. A mathematical model is developed, and experimental modifications are presented in this paper. The study investigates the impact of repetition rate variations on CVL parameters, particularly phantom current (Phantom current: 47% at 8 kHz, 54% at 9 kHz, and 51% at 10 kHz). Phantom current reduces at 10 kHz due to improved impedance matching. At 8 kHz, the laser output is 24W, increases to 30W at 9 kHz and 43W at 10 kHz with a plane-plane resonator configuration. This trend extends to the master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) at 10 kHz, resulting in a 50% increase in optical power output compared to 9 kHz. This improvement at 10 kHz applies to various parameters, including optical pulse characteristics, average power, electro-optic efficiency, energy per pulse, reduced jitter, and impedance matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to improve the channel estimation (CE) in the indoor visible light communication system. The proposal of this paper deals with a system that depends on a comparison between Deep Neural Network (DNN), Yolo v3, and Kalman filter (KF) algorithm, for two optical modulation techniques; asymmetrically clipped optical-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) and direct current optical-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM). The CE can be evaluated by the error rates in the received bits, where increased error means a performance decrease of the system and vice versa. Receiving less errors at the receiver indicates improved CE and system performance. Hence, the main aim of our work is to decrease the error rate by using different estimators. Furthermore, we apply automatic hyper-parameter approach and Bayesian optimization, to Yolo v3 model to improve the system performance and reduce the positioning error. The metric parameter of bit error rate (BER) aims to determine the improvement ratio in different systems. The model in this paper is based on training with OFDM samples of signal with labels which are received and are corresponding to the signals of OFDM. At a BER = 10−3 with DCO-OFDM, the DNN outperforms KF with 1.7 dB (8.09%) at the bit energy per noise (E b / N o) axis. Also, for ACO-OFDM at BER = 10−3, the DNN achieves better results than KF by about 1.9 dB (11.8%) at the (E b / N o) axis. For different values of M in QAM, the DNN outperforms KF for ACO-OFDM by average improvement of ~ 1.2 dB (~ 13%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of medical thermotherapy, heating cancer cells to 42.5–43 °C by microwave can make cancer cells inactive. Beyond this temperature range, normal cells are also damaged, which makes the accuracy of temperature detection very important. The active temperature sensor is seriously disturbed by strong electromagnetic field, which is difficult to meet the temperature measurement requirements in the field of microwave hyperthermia. Therefore, the fluorescent optical fiber temperature sensor has been applied in this field due to its insulation advantages. In order to improve the accuracy of the fluorescent optical fiber temperature sensor, a new weighted integral ratio algorithm is implemented in this paper. The numerical simulation show that the algorithm is completely unaffected by the DC bias in the system. In addition, the influence of random noise is greatly suppressed by integral processing and weighting processing. In this paper, the high-precision fluorescent optical fiber temperature sensor is realized by establishing the optical path, circuit and data processing algorithm of the system. The system is tested at 16 to 100 °C. The test results show that compared with the two-point method and the integral ratio method, the standard deviation of the weighted integral ratio algorithm is reduced by 67% and 50%, respective. The standard deviation of this algorithm is about 0.1°C. In addition, the response time of the algorithm is reduced by about 4 times. In summary, this algorithm can solve the problems of low accuracy, poor stability and long response time caused by data processing algorithms in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we proposed a D-type highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR)sensor based on multilayer films coated with photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Silver was selected as the plasmon material because its SPR spectrum is sharper than gold. Meanwhile, we used the titania (TiO2) as the second layer film since it could prevent the oxidation of silver and enhance the SPR effect. We simulated the refractive index sensing performances using the finite element method (FEM). This paper optimized the air hole size, polishing depth, silver film thickness, and TiO2 thickness. The multilayer film structure showed a significant improvement in the wavelength sensitivity of the sensor. The result showed that the maximum sensitivity reached 11,000 nm/RIU, which was increased by 139% compared with a single silver film. The sensor was suitable for accurately detecting the medical treatment and organic chemicals because of its high sensitivity and FOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It's crystal clear that presenting a new structure with the aim of decreasing the size of circuits is really vital. So, this paper presents a novel 4-input gate that can give AND, OR, NAND, NOR, and inverter gates with just one structure. The proposed gate utilizes fewer cells to decrease the complexity and of course, the size of circuits. Three different converters including decimal to excess-3, decimal to BCD, and decimal to gray is presented because converters play a crucial role in the electronic world. In the suggested designs the novel 4-input gate is utilized to optimize circuits as much as possible. The utilization of the QCADesigner simulation tool showcases the superiority of the suggested arrangement when compared to previous designs. This assessment is based on evaluating the number of cells utilized, the space occupied, and the latency as key design metrics. For instance, the proposed decimal to BCD converter exhibits a reduction of 22.22% in occupied space and a significant decrease of 7.24% in the number of cells compared to the most similar and newest counterpart scalable designs. Due to the proposed novel gate's advantageous performance across multiple measurement parameters, it can be effectively utilized in larger and more complex circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of laser beams with metal oxide nanoparticles can be proposed for water remediation and cancer treatment. In this paper, H2Ti3O7 nanotubes (NTs) were synthesized by anodization technique and characterized using UV–visible, Raman scattering and FTIR and spectroscopies, field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The results declare that monoclinic hydrogen titanium oxide with a mean crystallite size of 16.0 nm is formed. The H2Ti3O7 NTs also have an average outer diameter and shell thickness of 34.0 nm and 1.69 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the NTs have considerable thermal stability and high colloidal stability with a negative surface charge value of − 39.6 mV. Additionally, the interactions of different laser lights with H2Ti3O7 NTs in the vicinity of lung and prostate cancer as two of the first frequent malignancy worldwide in male cancer with a significant increasing trend are in vitro investigated. The effects of various concentrations of bare H2Ti3O7 NTs at different incubation times in the presence and absence of laser light are investigated to estimate the effectiveness of the photodynamic therapy. Also, different laser wavelengths, laser intensities, and exposure times are applied to treat lung (A549 cells) and prostate (LNCap cells) treatment. The results indicated that H2Ti3O7 NTs can be an excellent candidate for the treatment of lung and prostate cancers and the reasons for the success of the treatment in dark and irradiated conditions are described in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the coupled nonlinear (2+1)-dimensional complex modified Korteweg-de-Vries (cmKdV) equation, which appears in the fields of applied magnetism and nanophysics. By taking advantage of two mathematical integration approaches, namely, the modified generalized exponential rational function method and the extended tanh function method, a variety of exact optical soliton solutions are obtained for the governing cmKdV equation. These acquired soliton solutions are determined in terms of hyperbolic, exponential, and trigonometric function types. By choosing suitable values of parameters, some 3D, 2D, and contour plots are portrayed with the aid of symbolic computation in Mathematica to visualize the underlying dynamics of the generated solutions. These solutions include doubly soliton, multi-soliton, singular periodic soliton, anti-bell-shaped soliton, and hyperbolic structures. Moreover, the modulation instability of the governing equation is also investigated by using the linear stability analysis. The results presented in this paper are novel and are reported for the first time in the literature. Again, modulation instability analysis was carried out on the governing model for the first time. Thus, the results obtained demonstrate that the two new mathematical schemes are quite concise and effective and can be useful in understanding the dynamical behaviors of many other nonlinear physical models appearing in nonlinear optics, nanophysics, and so many other areas of nonlinear sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the extraction of optical solitons for a nonlinear Schrödinger equation (SE) utilizing the Sine-Cosine expansion technique. Moreover, the model's solitary wave solutions' stability is investigated, and the modulation instability is studied. To understand the behavior of various exact solutions, 3D graphs are created and presented in the paper. The obtained results show the bright optical solitons, optical periodic waves, bell shaped optical solitons and breather type optical solitons for various values of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photonic firewall that can directly detect intrusion in the optical layer is an important network security tool for optical networks. The all-optical matching system is the core part of the photonic firewall, which can recognize the designated target sequence, such as an IP address and port number in the input data sequence. In optical networks, the diversity of modulation formats and the uncertainty of attack sources require the flexibility of matching systems. Flexible matching means the matching system can identify various signal fields with multiple modulation formats, avoiding to place separate matching systems to handle signals with different modulation formats separately and reduces the system complexity. And the recognition of various fields makes the matching system can promote the attack masking from a single user to the subnet according to the field of the subnet mask before determining the attacking IP address. Moreover, the all-optical matching system should be phase-locking free to avoid photoelectric conversion. In this paper, we designed the phase-locking-free all-optical flexible matching system to recognize the different sequence fields in OOK, BPSK, and Polsk signals. The proposed system is verified through VPI Transmission Maker 8.5. Simulation results show that the proposed system can achieve sequence recognition in optical OOK, BPSK, and Polsk signals at the data rate of 80 Gbps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, reducing the number of necessary measuring points for estimating a reflected electromagnetic spectrum of a printed color patch is presented. In our previous work, a machine learning-based method was proven to be superior to Cubic Hermite interpolation in estimating spectrum based on six measured values provided by measuring reflection of six LED sources (400 nm, 457 nm, 517 nm, 572 nm, 632 nm, and 700 nm). Now, the new hypothesis is that the number of measuring points LEDs could be decreased without the significant loss of the spectrum estimation. The ECI2002 test chart was used to create the dataset, which was further divided into training and test subset. For all the colors on the test chart, the measurements were performed on printed patches with the device proposed in our previous work, as well as with the commercial spectrophotometer X-Rite i1 Publish Pro2, which were then used as the ground truth, or reference values. The Artificial Neural Networks were trained to estimate spectrums based on measurements acquired with our device. The results proved satisfactory even when the number of measuring points is reduced from six to three RGB LEDs (457 nm, 517 nm, and 632 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical tracking sensor technology has been widely used in the field of motion. However, there are still some challenges in the recognition of badminton players, and more accurate methods are needed to capture the dynamic characteristics of badminton players. The aim of this study is to design an optical tracking sensor system based on image feature extraction for badminton player motion recognition. In this paper, a high resolution camera is used to collect the image sequence of badminton match. Then through image processing and computer vision technology, the key image features are extracted from the image sequence. Then, machine learning algorithm is used to classify and recognize the extracted features to achieve accurate recognition of badminton players' movements. The experimental results show that the optical tracking sensor system can effectively extract the movement features of badminton players and identify their movements accurately. Compared with the traditional method, the system in this paper has higher precision and real-time performance, and can meet the needs of practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to simulate the application of optical sensor network based on edge computing in athletes' physical fitness monitoring system. By combining optical technology and edge computing, it aims to provide a system that can monitor athletes' physical fitness level in real time. This paper analyzes the shortcomings of the existing athlete physical monitoring system, especially the problems in sensor network and data processing. Then a solution based on optical sensor network and edge computing is proposed to make up for these shortcomings. A complete system architecture is designed, and the working principle and data processing algorithm of the optical sensor are described in detail. The performance of the system in physical fitness monitoring was evaluated through experiments in laboratory and real world scenarios. The experimental results show that the system in this paper can accurately and real-time monitor the athletes' physical fitness level, and has certain reliability and stability, which provides a new direction for the development of athletes' physical fitness monitoring system, and also provides a reference for the application of optical technology in edge computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to find exact solutions to the improved modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation with a conformable derivative using the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. The improved mKdV equation is a prominent mathematical model in the realm of nonlinear partial differential equations, with widespread applicability in diverse scientific and engineering domains. This study leverages the well-known effectiveness of the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method in solving nonlinear differential equations, specifically focusing on the intricacies of the improved mKdV problem. The investigation reveals innovative and explicit solutions, providing insight into the dynamics of the related physical processes. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of these solutions, emphasizing their distinct features and depictions using Jacobi elliptic functions. These findings are especially advantageous for specialists in the fields of nonlinear science and mathematical physics, providing significant insights into the behavior and development of nonlinear waves in various physical situations. This work also contributes to our knowledge of the improved mKdV equation and shows that the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method is a useful tool for solving complex nonlinear situations. The study is enhanced with graphical illustrations of various solutions, which further enhance its analytical complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein structure expectation is a particularly mind boggling issue that it is frequently assaulted and disintegrated using four distinct levels and they are: 1-D forecast of under- lying highlights along the essential succession of amino acids sequences, 2-D forecast of spatial connections between the sequence of amino acids, 3-D forecast of a tertiary structure of protein and quaternary structure of protein. This paper also try to introduce some assessment tools for finding the accuracy of result from applying ML and DL tools. And try to analyses and compare various algorithms based on deep learning methods verses machine learning methods used for sequence prediction. This paper also examines the turn of events and utilization of concealed Markov model, uphold vector machines, Bayesian techniques, and grouping strategies. This investigation will be helpful in creating future strategies to improve the exactness of protein auxiliary structure expectation. In this paper, also introduce and summarize the problem of quantum essential elements of: (1) Variational auto-encoder (2) GAN, generative adversarial network (3) RNN, recurrent neural (4) CNN, convolutional neural networks protein structure prediction. Later on also summarizes the evolution of predictive algorithms for 1-4D structure of protein from Amino Acid Sequences and summarize the deep learning ideas to prediction of structure of protein and learned algorithms of the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil painting education not only helps to improve students' drawing skills and quality but also fosters creative thinking in the field of art. In order to keep up with the development of art diversity, it is essential to establish the concept of art diversity education and reform university oil painting education to meet the needs of modern society. This study aims to explore the potential value of image optical processing technology based on computer vision in the application of oil painting teaching image simulation. In order to improve students' ability of oil painting simulation, this paper presents an image optical processing technology based on computer vision. The study collected a large number of oil painting images and teaching samples. Then, through image processing algorithm, we extract and analyze the optical features in the oil painting works, and then design an optical simulation method to apply these features to the students' simulation works. By comparing the traditional methods and the techniques proposed in this paper, the image optical processing technology based on computer vision has potential practical value in the application of oil painting teaching image simulation, which can help students better understand and simulate the optical effects of traditional oil paintings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of increasing PbO concentration on the Al2O3–PbO–B2O3–SiO2 glasses' physical, mechanical and gamma ray shielding properties. PbO addition leads to higher density and molar mass, making the glass denser. However, molar volume decreases, indicating a more compact structure. Interatomic distances and ion concentration change, strengthening atomic interactions. Oxygen molar volume increases, but packing density drops with more PbO, impacting the glass lattice. Optical basicity rises, suggesting improved electron transport and optical behavior. Electronegativity decreases, and electronic polarizability increases with higher PbO content, rendering the glass more electron-donating and sensitive to external electric fields.This study investigates glass mechanical properties using the Makishima–Mackenzie model. As PbO concentration rises, elastic moduli consistently decrease, signifying increased flexibility in glass structures. The mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) of the chosen glasses were evaluated in the 0.284–1.333 MeV energy range. It was found that increased PbO content leads to a corresponding MAC enhancement. The MAC values at 0.284 MeV were 0.297 and 0.349 cm2/g, while at 0.511 MeV they varied between 0.124 and 0.135 cm2/g. It was found that Glass Pb47.5 sample, which contains a higher amount of PbO compared to the other glasses, had the highest MAC at all energies. The results showed that the PbO has a notable impact on the MAC and thus on the radiation attenuation performance at lower energy. Moreover, increased glass density led to a corresponding LAC increase, which at 0.284 MeV increased from 1.269 cm−1 for Pb32.5 to 1.898 cm−1 for Pb47.5. According to the LAC results, one simple means of enhancing the glasses' radiation shielding properties is utilizing a high PbO percentage. This paper aims to illuminate silicate glasses' radiation shielding abilities. The paper will investigate the efficiency under specific conditions, like high-energy radiation. Moreover, it will explore innovative methods to enhance their shielding competence, concreting the way for a better yet effective radiation shielding approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional monitoring method of water resources environment mainly relies on manual sampling and laboratory analysis, which is limited in time and space and can not realize the comprehensive monitoring of water resources environment. With the continuous development of computer technology and network communication technology, real-time data monitoring method of water resources environment based on computer remote data acquisition and image analysis has gradually become a new solution. This paper aims to propose a real-time data monitoring method of water resources environment based on computer remote data acquisition and image analysis, in order to achieve accurate and efficient monitoring of water resources environment, timely acquisition and analysis of key data of water resources environment, and provide scientific basis for relevant decisions. In this paper, the key parameters of water quality, water quantity and water ecology are collected by using computer remote data acquisition and image analysis. Using computer image analysis technology, the collected image data are processed and analyzed, and the related characteristics and indicators of water resources environment are extracted. The results show that the real-time data monitoring method of water resources environment based on computer remote data acquisition and image analysis can monitor the data changes of water resources environment accurately and efficiently. Through the analysis and processing of the real-time data, the problems in the water resources environment can be found and warned in time, and the corresponding measures can be taken to regulate and manage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand of sports video recognition simulation is increasing, but the traditional methods have some limitations in dealing with optical problems. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to improve the effect of image optical processing by using convolutional neural networks. This paper first analyzes the structure of convolutional neural networks commonly used in computer vision applications, and discusses the improved method of convolutional neural networks to better understand and represent human motion in motion videos. Based on the process analysis of sports video recognition results, the concrete steps of image optical processing are completed. The advantages of convolutional neural network in image optical processing are demonstrated by simulation experiments on some sports videos and comparison with traditional methods. The experimental results show that the image optical processing based on convolutional neural network has a high recognition rate and can be used as an effective auxiliary means for sports training. By accurately analyzing and understanding human movements in sports videos, coaches and trainers can provide more effective training programs tailored to the needs of individual athletes. This can lead to improved performance results and better overall results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of rural tourism, more and more people begin to pay attention to how to better plan their travel itinerary, so as to better experience rural tourism. In the process of tourism route planning, there are often problems of accurate positioning and unreasonable route planning, which limit the development of rural tourism scenic spots. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a tourism route planning simulation method based on optical sensing detection and GIS positioning technology, in order to optimize the route planning of rural tourism scenic spots and improve tourism experience and tourism benefits. In this paper, optical sensing equipment is used to record the geographical information of rural tourist attractions, and the collected data is processed and analyzed. Then the obtained data is integrated with geographical elements in GIS system to build a spatial model of rural tourist attractions. The algorithm based on optical sensing detection and GIS positioning is used to optimize the planning of tourist routes. Finally, the simulation method is used to evaluate and adjust the planning results to improve the accuracy and rationality of the planning. The planning results show that the simulation method based on light sensing detection and GIS positioning technology can effectively optimize the route planning of rural tourism scenic spots and improve the tourism experience and tourism benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, increasing indium composition 'x' in quantum barriers of In0.15Ga0.85N/InxGa(1-x)N based laser diode structure is proposed. The paper analyses the effect of molar composition of indium in quantum barrier and geometrical variation of barrier thickness. Observations related to laser power characteristics, material strain, band diagram analysis and carrier density has been carried out in the modified structures. Laser power has experienced an increment from 126 mW to ~ 172 mW in proposed laser diode structure as compared to the reference structure. The optical confinement factor of the active region has improved from 0.94% to 1.33%. The electron potential barrier height has upsized from 171 meV to 187 meV, while the hole potential barrier height has downsized from 150 meV to 135 meV at 120 mA injection current. Analysis of increasing indium composition in quantum barriers has been laid out to examine the effect of epitaxial symmetry in the device structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]