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In this manuscript, a theoretical investigation of SPPs generated at magnetized plasma–graphene interface is presented. To model graphene conductivity, Kubo formula is utilized, and impedance boundary conditions are applied to obtain dispersion relation. In the presence of strong anisotropy of the plasma medium, the behaviors of the lower and upper plasmon modes are demonstrated. By examining the dispersion relation, it has been shown that upper and lower modes strongly depend on graphene and plasma features. It has been shown that effective mode index and phase velocity of proposed structure can be tuned by tuning graphene and magnetized plasma features. The proposed model may be exploited for a variety of applications, including sensing and integrated plasmonic circuits in the THz spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have calculated the structural, mechanical, elastic anisotropy, electronic, optical, and thermal properties of Ba3SbI3 perovskite using first-principles-based DFT calculations. We have computed the crystal structure and lattice parameters (a = 7.05 Å) which consisted with previous theoretical and experimental results. The Ba3SbI3 is stable as checked by the standards of mechanical stability criteria, ductile in nature, and elastically anisotropic. Semiconductor feature of Ba3SbI3 is ensured from the band structure, total density of states (TDOS) and partial density of states (PDOS) calculations as the difference of conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) in the Fermi level. From the electron charge density mapping, it exhibits ionic bond nature. Furthermore, optical properties have investigated in details. The Debye temperature (123.776 K), thermal conductivity (0.247 Wm−1 K−1), and melting temperature (123.776 K) of the Ba3SbI3 compound were calculated and analyzed, which is potential candidates of thermal barrier coating (TBC) material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a highly sensitive plasmonic sensor with a focus on enhancing its capabilities through innovative design and simple geometric structure. A hexagonal-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based surface plasmon resonance sensor is designed and proposed for external sensing applications. The plasmonic material is made of gold and positioned on the outer side of the designed PCF. For detection purposes, the flow of the testing analyte is introduced on the exterior section of the PCF. The sensing capability of this innovative sensor is meticulously examined using the finite element technique facilitated by the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The suggested sensor, with a refractive index of 1.38, has a maximum amplitude sensitivity and wavelength sensitivity of 765.86 RIU−1 and 8,000 nm/RIU respectively. At the same refractive index, the sensing resolution of the sensor is 1.31 × 10–5 for amplitude sensitivity and 1.25 × 10–5 for wavelength sensitivity. Additionally, the sensing capability of the sensor lies in the range of the analyte refractive indices from 1.33 to 1.39. Furthermore, the sensing performance of the designed sensor is analyzed by optimizing the values of several design parameters including air-hole diameter, pitch, and gold layer thickness. The suggested sensor can recognize biological analytes with high sensitivity, improved sensing resolution, and appropriate linearity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the dissipation problem of nonlinear pulse in mono mode optical fibers which is governed by the Fokas system (FS) is considered. The solutions of this system have an important role in comprehending the different wave structures in physical settings. Therefore, a new version of the trial equation method (NVTEM) is employed to present the new exact wave solutions of the FS. The advantage of the NVTEM is to use different root possibilities of a polynomial which shape the solutions of the related model. Primarily this system is converted to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (NODE) via the traveling wave transform to apply the proposed method. Various exact wave solutions to the FS are obtained such as rational function, exponential function, hyperbolic function, and Jacobi elliptic function solutions. Thus, we have revealed solutions featly which are unlike the wave solutions previously found by other analytical methods. The present results depict the formation and development of such waves and their interactions. The exhibition of the solutions is given by 3D plots together with the corresponding 2D plots. The outcomes have shown that the proposed technique is abundant in achieving different wave solutions of many nonlinear differential equations in the field of optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work searches the new wave solutions of the time-fractional ion sound and Langmuir waves (ISLWs) equation and the time-fractional Date–Jimbo–Kashiwara–Miwa (DJKM) equation with the conformable derivative. The m + 1 G ′ -expansion method is employed for these models for the first time. Getting support from symbolic software, some new solutions are presented, which will be constructive for studies in the field of nonlinear physical phenomena. New wave solutions obtained by using the m + 1 G ′ -expansion method have applications in engineering, physics, and other scientific fields. The regarded method may provide a framework for the exact solutions of several evolution equations in applied sciences. Moreover, the graphical illustrations are also demonstrated to observe the dynamical behaviours of the solutions, which may benefit the development of new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For accurate bio-sample identification, we present a unique optimized surface plasmon resonance sensor based on an X-shaped exposed-core photonic crystal fiber. Applications are made easier by the placement of the target analyte and plasmonic material on the fiber's exterior surface. The sensor has four separate silica channels that reach from the core to the metallic outer surface creating X-shape. These channels were intentionally placed to provide the highest sensitivity while maintaining the sensor's ability to be manufactured. Within a refractive index range of 1.33 to 1.40, our optimized sensor demonstrates improved detecting abilities, including a wavelength sensitivity of 8000 nm/RIU and amplitude sensitivity of - 1175.12 R I U - 1 . The suggested sensor also exhibits exceptional performance parameters, such as a resolution of 1.25 × 10 - 5 , a maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 2.041 dB, a figure of merit (FOM) of 160.0 R I U - 1 , a detection accuracy (DA) of 0.02 nm−1, and minimum full width half maxima (FWHM) of 50 nm. When examining variations in the optical properties of the PCF due to different RIs of normal and cancer cells using finite element analysis, we achieve amplitude sensitivities of - 844.91, - 418 and - 1221.8 R I U - 1 for HeLa, Basal and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sewage water is tested as a source of hydrogen production with a high efficiency value of 25.44% using Cu/CuFeO2 (delafossite)/CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4, kesterite) as an investigated photocatalyst. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the investigated photocatalyst (Cu/CuFeO2/CZTS) revealed a compact crystalline material, as witnessed by the diffraction peaks with high intensities. From the optical characterization, the recorded band gap values of Cu/CuFeO2/CZTS, Cu/CuFeO2, and CZTS are 1.15, 1.97, and 1.43 eV, respectively, inferring an obvious enhancement in the optical properties of the investigated photocatalyst, Cu/CuFeO2/CZTS. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of the investigated photocatalyst for hydrogen (H2) generation was examined in wastewater. The current–time characteristic and the PEC behavior of Cu/CuFeO2/CZTS in dark and under light illumination using various power densities, monochromatic wavelengths, and different temperatures were studied. The current densities (JPh) under light illumination and (Jo) in the dark were − 8.0 and − 0.7 mA cm−2, respectively. The H2 generation rate for the Cu/CuFeO2/CZTS electrode was 0.049 mA/h. The thermodynamic parameters, respectively, ΔS*, ΔE, and ΔH* were 28.76 kJ mol−1 K−1, 21.0, and 18.28 kJ mol−1 at 390 nm. The findings of the work hold great promise for addressing energy production and the hindrances of sewage treatment at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aims to produce of new nanostructured films from cobalt oxide (Co2O3)/iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanostructures doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a promising nanocomposites materials to utilize in numerous quantum electronics and optical nanodevices. The structure, optical, and electronic characteristics of PVA/Co2O3/Fe2O3 nanostructured films were investigated. The structure properties included optimization, FTIR and optical microscope. The optical characteristics results indicated that the absorption increased of 91.3% at UV-spectra (λ = 360 nm) with rising of the Co2O3/Fe2O3 NPs content to 5.7 wt%. The energy gap decreased of 55.3% when the Co2O3/Fe2O3 NPs content reached of 5.7 wt% where it reduced from 4.03 to 1.8 eV, this performance make them appropriate for may optoelectronics nanodevices like transistors, photovoltaic cell, electronic gates, diodes and other applications. The optical parameters: absorption coefficient (α); refractive index (n); extinction coefficient (k); real (ε1) and imaginary (ε2) dielectric constants and optical conductivity (σop) of PVA enhanced with an increase in the Co2O3/Fe2O3 NPs content. Finally, obtained results showed that the PVA/Co2O3/Fe2O3 nanostructured films have excellent electronic and optical properties which make them as promising nanomaterials to employ in many quantum electronics and optical nanodevices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aims to create of novel nanostructured films from silicon sarbide(SiC)/cerium oxide (CeO2) doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a promising nanocomposites materials to utilize in numerous quantum electronics and optical nanodevices. The fabricated nanostructures have great properties compared of other nanomaterials comprised few cost, excellent optical characteristics, flexible and lightweight. The structure, optical, and electronic features of PVA/SiC/CeO2 nanostructures were investigated. The structure properties included optimization, FTIR and optical microscope (OM). The optical characteristics were tested at wavelength ranged (200–800) nm. The optical characteristics results indicated that the absorbance of PVA rises about 76.9% at (λ = 240 nm, UV-spectra) while rises of 87% at (λ = 540 nm, VIS-spectra) when the SiC/CeO2 NPs content reached of (5.7 wt%).%. The energy gap decreased when the SiC/CeO2NPs content reached of 5.7wt% where it reduced from 4.5 to 2.7 eV, this performance make them appropriate for may optoelectronics nanodevices like transistors, photovoltaic cell, electronic gates, lasers, diodes and other applications. The optical parameters of PVA; with an increase in the SiC/CeO2 NPs content, the optical conductivity(σop), real (ε1) and imaginary (ε2) dielectric constants, absorption coefficient (α), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), and other properties improved. Finally, the obtained results demonstrated that the PVA/SiC/CeO2 nanostructures are promising nanomaterials to employ in many quantum electronics and optical nanodevices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of current work includes the creation of new nanohybrid structures from SiC–In2O3 nanostructures doped (PS) as a potential nanomaterials have superior qualities, such as low cost, superior optical properties, flexibility, and lightweight nature to be used in a variety of optical and quantum electronic devices. The optical, electronic and structural properties of PS–SiC–In2O3 nanostructures' were examined. The structural properties comprised: FTIR, optical microscopy, and optimization. The findings of the optical characteristics showed that an increase of 3.6% SiC–In2O3 NPs lead to an increase of 83.3% in the absorption at λ = 560 nm. When the SiC–In2O3 NPs content reached 3.6%, the energy gap shrank from 3.7 to 2.62 eV. The optical factors of PS increased with a rise in the SiC–In2O3 NPs content are including the dielectric constants' real (ε1) and imaginary (ε2) components, optical conductivity (σop), absorption coefficient (α), refractive index (n), and extinction coefficient (k). The PS–SiC–In2O3 nanostructures are potentially useful nanomaterials for use in a variety of quantum electronics and optical nanodevices, according to the final results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the study of the perturbed cubic-quartic Kudryashov's equation having the Kudryashov's law of refractive index which is recently introduced to the literature. Utilizing the extended rational sine/cosine and sinh/cosh methods, optical solutions such as dark, periodic, and singular are successfully extracted. The two- and three-dimensional plots of these solutions are demonstrated. Besides, the behavior of solitons and the effects of parameters on wave properties are vividly illustrated to explore how the model's parameters influence these solutions. The findings herein can serve as a positive contribution to future research in nonlinear optics, while the methodology employed can be leveraged for similar nonlinear models in real life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simplified modified Camassa Holm (SMCH) equation is an essential nonlinear model for classifying several wave phenomena in physical science. In this study, the new m + 1 / G ′ -expansion method has been applied to the SMCH equation. Based on the given method, we have obtained some typical analytical solutions, such as exponential and rational function and complex function solutions of the SMCH equation. The three-dimensional and contour graphs of the obtained results are drawn for appropriate values of parameters. Getting the results and graphic drawings have been made using the Wolfram Mathematica. All the obtained solutions are crucial for understanding the nonlinear phenomena of dispersive waves. The solutions have shown that the presented method is powerful, practical, and suitable for investigating nonlinear models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical soliton solutions of the time-fractional higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the presence of the Kudryashov nonlinear refractive index are studied in this paper using the new Kudryashov approach and Bernoulli's equation approach. The current model specializes in discerning the propagation of optical soliton pulses within optical fibers. Obtaining the optical solutions for this model, particularly the sextic power, is an essential yet challenging task. To generate the nonlinear ordinary differential equation, we insert the complex wave transformations into the present time-fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Here, a system of linear equations in polynomial form using the proposed approach is acquired. By solving the linear system of equations, various solution sets were generated, each containing different values for the parameters of the studied equation. Additionally, the process yielded distinct approaches for solving the problem. Several novel optical soliton solutions are constructed for the time-fractional Schrödinger equation with the Kudryashov nonlinear refractive index, and the obtained soliton solutions satisfy the model. The visual representations of the obtained solution functions through contour, three-dimensional, and two-dimensional depictions in various simulations are shown, as presented in the figures. The results suggest that the employed methods are efficient and powerful tools to be applied to various differential equations with fractional and integer orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractional calculus is a field that is currently used in the world's applications in many science and engineering fields where many models are still being developed and researched. The conformable time-fractional gives the full history of this function, which is the advantage of using fractional calculus to solve physical problems. In this study, the conformable time-fractional extended (2 + 1)-dimensional quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov and the time-fractional modified Korteweg-de Vries equations are investigated by using the the modified exp (- Ω (ξ)) -expansion function approach. Some new prototype analytical solutions such the hyperbolic and trigonometric function solutions are successfully reached. The importance of current research is to derive new solutions using a strong analytical approach. All the reported solutions in this study have verified their corresponding model. Under the choice of suitable values of the parameters involved, the 3D and 2D to the obtained solutions are successfully plotted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the analytical solution of the Hirota equation by using the rational sine–Gordon expansion method (RSGEM) has been investigated. For this purpose, the mentioned model is converted into an ordinary differential equation by using a wave transformation. After the balancing procedure, a set of equation system is found. The solutions of the equation system give coefficients both in the considered solution form and in the model. The proposed technique gives new analytical solutions including the dark soliton solutions, bright soliton solutions and periodic wave solutions corresponding to the appropriate coefficient values. We also give geometric interpretations of the obtained solutions to understand the physical meaning better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of annealing temperature on the structure and linear/non-linear optical properties of CdS-NPs was studied. The structural, optical properties and crystallite size were investigated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared technique, ultraviolet–Visible absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The calculation shows that the CdS crystallized in cubic phase and formed NPs with average crystallite sizes of 17.2, 20.1 and 23.3 nm and the microstrain is about 0.034, 0.030 and 0.026, for CdS films annealed at 300 °C, 400 °C and 500 °C respectively. The non-linear refractive indices ( n 2 ) of the CdS-NPs are determined using open and closed Z-scan techniques. The optical limiting (OL) behaviors have been also investigated. It has been shown that the OL efficiency depended on the CdS-NPs temperature. Under laser irradiation, self-diffraction rings were seen in CdS-NPs-300 °C, CdS-NPs 400 °C, and CdS-NPs 500 °C as increased input power, each pattern is created by a rise in the number of rings and the diameter of the outermost rings. The assessment of the figure of merit (W > 1) and thermal figure of merit demonstrates that, the CdS-NPs films are highly sufficient for use in nano-optical technology. The potential of CdS-NPs can be used in photonic and holographic devices as shown by this studying. The aim of the present study is to find fresh applications for CdS-NPs in the world of optical modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the optical soliton solutions of the Kundu–Mukherjee–Naskar (KMN) equation with the help of the enhanced modified extended tanh method (eMETEM). The equation is crucial for simulating the bending of light beam, rogue waves in the seas, and fiber pulses in optics. Some different kinds of solitons such as singular-periodic, dark and singular for the KMN equation have been successfully obtained by the used method. Utilizing Maple, we confirm that all acquired solutions satisfy the considered equation. We have also analyzed the impact of the parameters graphically in the considered equation. The results shown in the figures reveal that the parameters of the considered equation have an important effect upon soliton dynamics. It is anticipated that the gained solutions and used approach would create remarkable chances for future work in a variety of science areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to peruse the dispersive Schrödinger–Hirota equation (SH equation) with parabolic law linearity to get optical soliton solutions by utilizing the generalized Kudryashov method (GKM). Firstly, we introduced the solution algorithm of GKM. Then, we substituted the traveling wave transform to dispersive SH equation with parabolic law and gained nonlinear ordinary differential equation (NODE) form of real and imaginary parts. We successfully applied GKM to the NODE form of dispersive SH equation and obtained the appropriate solution sets. Using these sets, the solution of differential equation and necessary transformations, we created the analytical solution functions of dispersive SH equation and demonstrated the graphical simulations. Optical soliton solutions were obtained, graphical representations were made and interpreted, at the same time, it was observed that some parameters had an effect on the soliton behavior. The parabolic law form of the examined model has not been studied, and the obtained results have not been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdSe Quantum dots (QDs) are cytotoxic cadmium and selenide-based (II–VI) semiconductor nanocrystals with a few nanometer diameters and unique optical and electrical properties. The cytotoxicity of CdSe QDs should not be underestimated and has raised considerable concern. That toxicity is mostly determined by the surface characteristics and size of the particles. The core/shell configuration thus becomes a popular technique to modify the activity of quantum dots by enhancing biocompatibility and stability. The most common and effective synthesis method of those shell-free and core/shell-based CdSe QDs is organometallic and water-based synthesis. Those synthesis frequently requires high temperatures, an oxygen-free atmosphere, and highly poisonous substances like trioctylphosphane (TOP) or trioctylphosphane oxide (TOPO), which may be inefficient, harmful to the environment, and even deadly. Because of this, a biogenic synthesis method was made to get around its limits. Biosynthesis of quantum dots by microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, fungus, and algae) is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective green technology where production may occur intracellularly or extracellularly. The enzyme NADH-dependent nitrate reductase has been reported to have an important role in reducing cadmium and selenide ions to CdSe QDs by several researchers. When synthesizing CdSe QDs, factors such as pH, temperature, synthesizing route, and substrate concentration affect the final product's size and form. They have attracted interest because of their potential usage in a wide range of applications, including photovoltaics, solar cells, LEDs, photocatalyst, optical sensors, medical, medicines, and optical amplifiers. In this review, we focus on the cytotoxicity of non-shell and core/shell-based CdSe QDs, the synthesis using a consortium of different microorganisms from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, affecting factors, application, challenges, and future prospects of CdSe-based QDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modified exponential function method is used to obtain some new analytical solutions of the nonlinear Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation with the M-fractional operator. The novel obtained solutions are expressed in hyperbolic, trigonometric, and exponential function forms. Moreover, the instability modulation and gain spectra of the Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation are also analyzed. Constraints conditions are utilized to verify the existence of the solutions. Presented solutions are novel, satisfy and verify the M-fractional Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the m + 1 G ′ -expansion method in reaching the exact solution of the (3+1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Boussinesq, Newel-Whitehead-Segel, and Zeldovich equations. New solutions in form of the kink, complex and singular solutions are reported. On the other hand, the Adomian decomposition method is employed to find approximate solutions to the the (3+1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Boussinesq equation. The three-dimensional figures and their corresponding contour plots for the reported solutions are drawn. Also, a table is presented for the approximate solutions. The reported results may be useful in studying physical features of various nonlinear mathematical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to determine the analytical solutions for the Davey–Stewartson (RDS) equations in (2+1)-dimensions using the extended sine-Gordon equation expansion method. It is a natural two-dimensional form of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. As a first step, we change the imaginary (2+1)-dimensional RDS model to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, then we apply the sine-Gordon method. With the use of Wolfram Mathematica software, we try to find novel solutions to the resulting system of the nonlinear differential equation. Constructed solutions are drawn in 2D and 3D-dimensions graphs to more realize their characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigate the Fokas system which expresses the nonlinear pulse propagation in mono-mode optical fibers. We use the m + 1 G ′ -expansion scheme and the novel modified generalized exponential rational function scheme to generate soliton solutions to the proposed model. As a result, some exact solutions are constructed including hyperbolic, exponential, dark, singular, and periodic singular solutions. In order to analyze the physical behavior of the absolute, and real parts of the obtained solutions we present the 3-D surfaces, 2-D graphs, and their contour graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, some solitary wave solutions of the Wu-Zhang system are analyzed using the modified expansion function method and the sine–Gordon expansion method. Solitary wave solutions of this non-linear mathematical model consisting of hyperbolic and trigonometric function structures are get. Two and three dimensional, density graphics of the solitary solutions of the mathematical models are drawn by choosing the appropriate parameters. It was seen that all solution functions found as a result provide the mathematical model. In this study, Wolfram Mathematica software program was used for all mathematical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we analyze travelling wave solutions of the conformable resonant nonlinear Schrödinger's equation with Kerr-law nonlinearity by using an analytical approach which is the rational sine-Gordon expansion method. The purposed technique is a significant method to solve nonlinear evolution equations having high nonlinearity. We found some explicit solutions, including bright soliton and dark soliton, which have important roles in fields such as quantum physics, optical fibres by this way. We illustrate some graphics corresponding to the obtained wave solutions under the appropriate coefficients to help better understand their physical meaning of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A newly developed pentagonal photonic crystal fiber (P-PCF) with high nonlinearity and birefringence has been introduced in this work. Numerical analysis is carried out across the broader wavelength spectrum from 1.0 to 2.0 μm within the inferred region (IR). Furthermore, using the finite element method (FEM) with smaller mesh, a numerical examination of several optical characteristics such as effective mode area (EMA), nonlinearity, numerical aperture (NA), birefringence, and V-parameter was carried out. By using a circular completely matched layer (PML), the proposed P-PCF's optical transmission qualities have been guided. For the x-polarization mode, the suggested P-PCF exhibits high nonlinearity of 1.6 × 104 W−1 Km−1 at the working wavelength of λ = 1.4 µm. Furthermore, the proposed structure offers strengthening birefringence 2.5 × 10–6 at 1.6 μm wavelength including numerical aperture (NA) of 0.44 for the X-polarization mode. Based on the outstanding advantages, it can be asserted that the suggested model will find a promising domain of application in the area of all optical signal processing, sensing applications, and coherent optical communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we find new soliton solutions of the Sasa-Satsuma equation according to the Sardar sub-equation scheme. Different forms of soliton solutions, including the optical dark, optical bright, and optical singular function solutions are formally extracted. To better realize the physical phenomena of the gained solutions, some physical explanations of the exhibited solutions under suitable parameters for the physical values via the contour and 3D simulations are given. The confrontation between the dispersion and nonlinear terms has permitted survey the treatment of the Modulation Instability gain spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past few decades, light absorbing materials based on CuInGaSe2 and CdTe have been used for fabrication of thin film solar cells. But main issues arising from these absorbers are the limited availability and toxicity of some of their constituents, viz. In, Cd, and Te. At present, light absorbing materials based on Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a best alternative to develop low cost and environmentally friendly component for next generation thin film solar cells. CZTS and their selenium alloy based devices showed the necessary potential for the development of thin film solar cells (TFSCs). There have been numerous attempts to synthesize TFSCs based on CZTS absorber. Various techniques available to deposit thin film absorber layer rely on vacuum and non-vacuum based methods. In this review, we focused on various deposition methods, their shortcomings and potential improvement for deposition of CZTS thin film. We have also addressed various parameters that affect CZTS thin film and its device performance including condition of annealing, variation of composition and doping of different elements. Finally, we have discussed the challenges and approaches for resolving the issue in the synthesis of CZTS based thin film solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]