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The large Yueyang Ag-Au-Cu deposit is commonly regarded as a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit in the Zijinshan orefield, Fujian Province, southeastern China. The Ag-Ag-Cu orebodies hosted in the Zijinshan granitic batholith are mainly stratoid and lens in shape, and controlled by a series of NW-trending listric faults with shallow dip angles. Four mineralization stages are recognized on the basis of mineral assemblage, ore fabrics, and crosscutting relationships of the ore veins, namely: pre-ore (pyrite + sericite + quartz ± chlorite), main Cu (chalcopyrite + pyrite + sericite + quartz ± bornite), main Ag-Au (Ag and Au minerals + pyrite + quartz + adularia ± calcite ± apatite ± chalcopyrite ± galena ± sphalerite) and post-ore (quartz ± chalcedony ± calcite) stages. Fluid inclusions (FIs) in the deposit include aqueous liquid-rich (WL-), aqueous vapor-rich (WV-), and minor carbonic (C-) and daughter mineral-bearing (S-) type ones. WL-subtype is the main inclusion type in the Yueyang deposit, accounting for more than 90% in proportion in each stage. Minor WV-subtype inclusions occur in both the main Cu and Ag stages, while the C-type and S-type ones are only observed in the main Cu stage. Fluid inclusion and H-O isotope study indicated that the ore-forming fluid of the main Cu stage is primarily magmatic vapor, which further underwent fluid boiling and mixing with meteoric water, while the ore-forming fluid of the main Ag stage is meteoric water-dominated, and the precipitation of silver and gold was mainly resulted from fluid boiling and the precipitation of other sulfides. On the basis of the aforementioned geological, fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies, we proposed a two-stage model for the Yueyang deposit, including a magmatic vapor-related porphyry type Cu mineralization and meteoric water-related low-sulfidation epithermal Ag-Au-Cu mineralization, although the porphyry Cu mineralization is very limited in scale. The mineralization and exhumation depths of the Yueyang deposit are estimated to be 448‒527 m and 18‒97 m, respectively. By comparison with the exhumation depths of other deposits in the Zijinshan orefield, it is suggested that more epithermal deposits could be found in the southwest of the orefield due to less uplift and exhumation therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Luoboling Cu–Mo deposit in the Zijinshan Orefield, Fujian province, southeastern China, is a large porphyry deposit hosted by the Sifang granodiorite and the Luoboling granodiorite porphyry. The largest Cu–Mo orebody is saddle-shaped with various types of hydrothermal veinlets. Intensive hydrothermal alteration in the deposit is characterized by outward zoning from potassic, overprinted by phyllic alteration, to phyllic and alunite–dickite alteration. Based on the mineral assemblages and crosscutting relationships of veins, the ore-forming process can be divided into three stages, namely: an early-stage K-feldspar+quartz±magnetite±molybdenite veins associated with potassic alteration; a middle-stage quartz+molybdenite+chalcopyrite+pyrite veins in phyllic zone; and a late-stage quartz±gypsum veins in the phyllic and alunite–dickite alteration zones. Six molybdenite separates yield a Re−Os isochron age 104.6±1.0Ma, which is identical to the age of emplacement of the Sifang and Luoboling granodiorite porphyries. Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) were observed at the Luoboling deposit: 1) NaCl–H2O (aqueous), 2) daughter mineral-bearing and 3) CO2–H2O fluid inclusions. FIs of the early and middle stages are predominantly vapor-rich aqueous and daughter mineral-bearing inclusions, together with minor CO2-rich and liquid-rich aqueous inclusions; whereas the late-stage minerals only contain liquid-rich aqueous inclusions. Homogenization temperatures and salinities of FIs trapped in the early-stage minerals range from 420 to 540°C and 0.4 to 62.9wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. FIs of the middle-stage yield homogenization temperatures of 340 to 480°C and salinities of 0.5 to 56.0wt.% NaCl equiv. CO2 content and the oxygen fugacity (indicated by daughter minerals) of FIs trapped in middle-stage minerals are lower than those in the early stage. The liquid-rich aqueous inclusions of the late-stage homogenize at temperatures of 140 to 280°C, yielding salinities of 0.4 to 8.4wt.% NaCl equiv. The minimum estimated pressures of the three stages are 30–70MPa, 10–40MPa and 1–10MPa, respectively, corresponding to minimum ore-forming depths of 1–2.8km. Fluids trapped in early, middle and late stages yield δD values of −67‰ to −54‰, −54‰ to −70‰, and −62‰, and δ18O values of 5.4‰ to 6.7‰, 2.8‰ to 4.2‰, and −2.1‰, respectively. Fluid boiling, which resulted in the formation of stockworks and the precipitation of sulfides, occurred in the early and middle stages. The fluids subsequently evolved into a low temperature, low salinity system in the late stage, along with an input of meteoric water. The Luoboling porphyry Cu–Mo system was developed in a transition from continental arc to back-arc extension region, which was related to the westward subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate beneath the Huanan Orogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]