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Objective: To determine medians of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and free ß subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG-ß) in the first trimester of healthy pregnant women visiting tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) from May 2018 to May 2019. Methodology: Healthy pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy reported for an antenatal checkup in Obstetric OPD, Pak Emirates Military Hospital (PEMH) and Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Rawalpindi were included in the study. PAPP-A level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using PR 4100 Microplate Reader®, and serum hCG-ß were analysed on random access IMMULITE 2000®. Results: A total of 135 pregnant women were enrolled in the current study. The mean age of subjects was 27.66 ± 4.24 years, mean maternal weight was 59.91 ± 8.87 kgs and mean gestational age was 10.37 ± 1.16 weeks. Median value of PAPP-A was 1289.43 mIU/L (range: 510.8-5965.99) and hCGß was 120985 mIU/ml (range: 23592-290000). Conclusion: Median values of PAPP-A and HCGß can be used to calculate (Multiple of Medians) MoM during the first trimester in tertiary care setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine association between iron deficiency anemia and bone profile in cases of chronic kidney disease not undergoing dialysis. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in collaboration with department of Nephrology, Armed Forces Institute of Urology, Rawalpindi, from Sep 2018 to Oct 2019. Methodology: A total of 300 chronic kidney disease patients who were not dependent on any kind of dialysis were included in our study. Chronic kidney disease was confirmed according to National Kidney Foundation/Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative criteria. Hemoglobin, Mean corpuscular volume and ferritin levels were used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia. Association of Calcium, inorganic Phosphorous, Magnesium, Alkaline phosphatase and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) was determined with iron deficiency anemia. Results: Out of 300 patients studied 201 (67%) were females while 99 (33%) were males. Mean age of participants was 43.51 ± 5.652 years. Mean duration of chronic kidney disease was 4.36 ± 3.712 years. One hundred and forty one (47%) patients had no anemia while 159 (53%) had presence of iron deficiency anemia. After applying binary logistic regression analysis hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia were noted to have a statistically significant association with iron deficiency anemia in the target sample size. Conclusion: This study revealed a high frequency of iron deficiency anemia in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia were found having strong association with presence of iron deficiency anemia in non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]