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Objective: To determine the predictive relation of demographic variables with relational aggression. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat Pakistan, from Aug 2017 to Jan 2018. Methodology: A total of 612 adolescent students were selected with age 12-19 years from diverse academic institutes of Gujrat city. Urdu version of diverse adolescent relational aggression scale was used to measure relational aggression. Neural network analysis was carried out by using SPSS-21. Result: The findings of this study revealed significant predictive relation of demographic variables (gender, birth order, family system, number of siblings and age) with relational aggression. The most important predictor of relational aggression in teenagers was birth order 0.249 (100%), age 0.246 (98.9%) siblings 0.242 (86.3%), family system 0.166 (66.8%) and gender 123 (49.6) respectively. Conclusion: Demographic variables are the significant predictor of relational aggression. By managing the effects of these variables, adverse behavior of relational aggression can be controlled in adolescent students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Development of emotional distress scale for adolescents in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, from Feb to Nov 2020. Methodology: Scale was based on Beck Cognitive Theory with 3 main factors of Depression, Anxiety and stress and 9 sub factors of it. Initial item pool was developed of 180 items with the help of DSM-5, four focus group and literature review was carried out. One hundred and seventy four out of 180 items were selected after expert evaluation. 162 items were retained after pilot study. Moreover data was collected by using self-reported questionnaire on 900 adolescents from the community of district Gujrat and district Sargodha. For the analysis of data reliability, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used. Results: After final administration of 162 items 49 items were retained. The final administration of 49 items with written informed consent was handed over to 900 participants. The model fit showed a p-value of 0.000 that established the structure validity and significance of the items to its subscales. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Pallant showed the acceptable value above 0.6 that showed the sampling adequacy of Emotional Distress Scale. After all analysis 49 items were selected. Conclusion: Emotional distress scale is reliable indigenous scale for measuring emotional distress of adolescents with 3 main and 9 sub factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To construct a scale and psychometric properties for the assessment of Parental expressed emotions scale in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, from Mar to Oct 2019. Methodology: The initial item pool of 224 items was generated with the help of CFI (Camber well Family Interview description of parental expressed emotions scale, literature review and three focus groups with target population. Among the 124 expert evaluated items after pilot study 100 items were retained which included the five dimensions of parental expressed emotions scale including, Criticalcomments, Hostility, Emotional over involvement, Warmth and Positive remarks. Furthermore, in the final administration of this scales data were collected from 380 parents (both mothers & fathers) from the educational institutions and community of Gujrat using self-reported questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis were implied for data scrutiny. Results: The final administration of 100 items was handed over to 380 participants. The model fit showed a p-value of 0.000 that established the structure validity and significance of the items to its subscales. At the final stage among the 100 items 31 were reliable for further use. Conclusion: A scale to measure parental expressed emotions in Urdu language is competently established with 31 questions andfive sub-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a scale and establish psychometric properties to measure Adverse Childhood Experiences of Adolescents in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, from Dec 2019 to Oct 2020. Methodology: After the approval of proposal initial item pool of 145 items was generated with the help of DSM-5, extensive literature review and focus group interviews (Girls=25, Boys=25). Expert evaluation shortens it into 137 items whereas pilot study retained 132 items for final administration. Data was obtained from 1331 adolescents with age range of 12-19 from educational institutions and community in district Gujrat. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and reliability analysis were carried out to analyze the data. Results: Exploratory factor analysis explored 38 reliable items for Adverse Childhood Experiences scale under four sub factors; Sexual Abuse, Neglect, Physical Abuse, and Psychological Abuse whereas 12 items were confirmed for final scale through model fit (p-value=0.000, CFI=0.968, GFI=0.975, AGFI=0.959, RMSEA=0.049) of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Conclusion: A scale to estimate Adverse Childhood Experiences of adolescents in Urdu language is competently developed and established with 12 questions and four sub-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To construct a scale and psychometric properties for the assessment of oppositional defiant behaviors of adolescents in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, from Feb 2019 to Oct 2019. Methodology: The initial item pool of 48 items was generated with the help of DSM 5 description of oppositional defiant behaviors, literature review and three focus groups with target population. Among the 47 expert evaluated items after pilot studys 45 items were retained which included the three dimensions of oppositional defiant behaviors including irritable mood, argumentative behaviors and vindictiveness. Furthermore, in the final administration of this scales data were collected from 500 adolescents from the educational institutions and community of Gujrat using self-reported questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis were implied for data scrutiny. Results: The final administration of 45 items was handed over to 500 participants. The model fit showed a p-value of .000 that established the structure validity and significance of the items to its subscales. At the final stage among the 45 items 12 were reliable for further use. Conclusion: A scale to gauge oppositional defiant behaviors of adolescents in Urdu language is competently established with 12 questions and three sub-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To find out the predictive relationship between resilience, emotional intelligence and psychological well being in medical students. Study Design: Cross sectional correlational study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at the department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Sialkot Sub-campus, from Mar 2017 to Dec 2018. Methodology: A total of 200 medical students were recruited from different private and government medical colleges of Sialkot, Pakistan. The students of first professional year to final professional year between age ranges 19 years to 27 years were selected for the study. Cannor Devidson Resilience Scale, Trait Emotional Intelligence, Questionnaire-Short Form and psychological wellbeing scale-CPI, were used to find out the predictive relationship between resilience, emotional intelligence and psychological well-being in medical students. Results: Linear regression analysis was determined by using SPSS-21. Results showed significant predictive relationship between resilience and psychological well-being (R=0.315; R2=09; p<0.001), and resilience and emotional intelligence with psychological well-being of medical students (R=0.224; R2=05; p<0.001). Conclusion: The current research maintained the predictive relationship between resilience and emotional intelligence with psychological well-being in medical students. This study will provide the vital information about the role of positive growth and psychological health of the medical students in their healthy professional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the impact of burn severity, time since burn and age on the cognitive functioning of women who had burn injuries. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, from Nov 2017 to Jul 2018. Methodology: The data were collected from females suffering burn injuries. The burn severity, time since burn and age were assessed to see their impact on cognitive functioning of women with burns injured. Further, Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale was used to measure the construct of cognitive functioning. Results: Among a total of 200 burn victims, 52.5% had the severity level of third degree burns. A total of 75% victims had 6-15 months old burns and 64.5% belonged to age group of 19-34 years. The predictive association among variables based on difference of training and testing relative error (0.61) indicated the significant predictive relationship of burn severity, time since burn and age on the cognitive functioning of burn injured women. Further, relationship of burn severity, time since burn, and age was investigated. The relative importance of burn severity, time since burn and age in predicting cognitive functioning was 0.700, 0.163 and 0.136 respectively. Conclusion: Burn severity, time since burn and age are the factors affecting the cognitive functioning of female burn victims. Whereas role of burn severity was more prominent than time since burn and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To find out the impact of social support and adjustment problems on perceived loneliness in elderly. Study Design: Correlational study. Place and Duration of Study: Data was obtained from old houses of Lahore and residences of Gujrat Pakistan, from Mar 2019 to May 2019. Methodology: Total sample of 150 elderlies of age 60 and above, living either in old homes (n=75) or with their family (n=75) was taken by purposive and snowball sampling techniques respectively. For data collection, Urdu versions of Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Scale for Adjustment Problems for Adults and De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale were used. In first phase, the translation of De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale was conducted in Urdu by using forward backward translation method and in second phase, data collection was carried out with three standardized scales. Results: The results were significant and revealed that social support has negative correlation with loneliness (r=-0.57, p<0.01) while adjustment problems have positive correlation with loneliness (r=0.59, p<0.01). Family members’ support (R²=0.38, F (3,146) = 29.72, p<0.01) and adjustment problems (R²=0.47, F (8,141) = 15.51, p<0.01) are the predictors of loneliness among the elderly. Conclusion: Social support and adjustment problems served as the predictors of perceived loneliness among elderly. Moreover, significant differences have been found for social support, adjustment problems and perceived loneliness in elderly people residing in homes and in old age institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To find the predictive relationship of locus of control with work life balance and job satisfaction. Study Design: Correlational study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Sialkot Sub-campus, from May 2017 to Dec 2018. Methodology: A sample of 150 Gazetted administrative offices of 17 grade and above was collected from various government organizations of Gujrat and Sialkot City, Punjab, Pakistan. The sample age ranges from 30-60 years. Work locus of control scale, work life balance scale and Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire were implemented to measure locus of control, work life balance and job satisfaction respectively. Results: Path analysis was carried out by using Amos Graphic. Model summary revealed that locus of control was a significant predictor of work life balance and job satisfaction (p≤0.001) Conclusion: The present study supported the predictive relationship of locus of control with work-life balance and job satisfaction among administrative officers. The findings of the current study will be provided the key information to the policy makers with that they can manage the work-life balance and job satisfaction by working on locus of control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the prevalence of "social anxiety" among adolescent student of Pakistani students. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, from 10th Oct 2017 to 30th Mar 2018. Methodology: The 716 adolescent students (344 male & 372 females) were assessed through Pakistani version of the scale initially developed by La Greca and Lopez in 1989 to measure social anxiety titled "Social Anxiety Scale - Adolescents". Results: There was high prevalence of anxiety in adolescents as 22.5% of sample scored high on the SAS-A. No marked gender differences were observed on variable of interest. However, when analyzed for morbidity of social anxiety across early, middle and late adolescent groups it was observed that relatively less number of students in late adolescents scored high as 21.16% on social anxiety as compared to early 21.43% and middle adolescents 25.5%. Among high scorers in middle adolescents there was the greater number of boys as 59% reflecting middle adolescents as the most critical times for male adolescents. Conclusion: Social anxiety was found a most prevalent disorder in adolescents and morbidity of social anxiety alarmingly increase in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of stigma in psychological issues such as depression, anxiety and conduct disorder among orphans resides in orphan homes. Study Design: Correlational research design. Place and Duration of Study: Data was collected from Gujrat, Gujranwala, Sialkot and Lahore, Pakistan from Jan 2017 to Oct 2017. Material and Methods: A total of 200 children of ages 12-17 years (mean age=13.820; SD= 1.61886) were selected by using purposive sampling technique to investigate the effect of stigma in developing psychological issues among orphans. Participants were assessed on Demographic form, Orphan Stigma Scale, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Depression Scale for Children and Conduct Disorder Scale. Results: To examine the relation of Stigma with Anxiety, Depression and Conduct disorder linear Regression Analysis was used. The results show that stigma has a significant predictor with anxiety (R=0.361; R2=0.130, F=29.250, p<0.01) and depression (R=0.295; R2=0.087, F=18.579, p<0.01) whereas in conduct disorder the relationship was insignificant (R=0.128; R2=0.016, F=3.191, p>0.076). Conclusion: It is concluded from the findings of this research that stigma has a significant impact on depression and anxiety. Further, study indicated that a stigma does not have a significant predictive relationship on conduct disorder in the orphans living in Orphanages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the role of mothers' expressed emotions in psychopathology and social-emotional competence in adolescents. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat Pakistan, from Jul 2020 to Aug 2021 Methodology: Five hundred mothers and their five hundred adolescents were approached to measure the role of mothers' expressed emotions in psychopathology and social-emotional competence in adolescents. For this purpose, parental Expressed Emotions Scale-1 was used, and to assess the psychopathology and social-emotional competence in adolescents, Social Anxiety Scale-2 and Social-Emotional Competence Scale-3 were used. Results: Artificial neural network (ANN) analysis was used to identify the mothers' expressed emotions as predictors of social anxiety and social-emotional competence in adolescents. Results showed incorrect predictions was for training data (60%) and for testing data (28%), which signify the current results that around 72% of right decision about mothers' expressed emotions as a predictor of social anxiety and social-emotional competence in adolescents. Conclusion: In the teenage period, youth face an increasing number of psychological, social, and developmental challenges. Mothers are the first teachers of their children. When they fail to support them and display ways of negatively expressing emotions, it leads to overall mental health issues, in which social anxiety is the most common challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Development and validation of domestic violence scale for intimate partners in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional survey research design and purposive sampling technique were used. Place and Duration of Study: District Head Quarter Teaching Hospitals, Sargodha and Gujrat Pakistan, from Feb 2020 to Dec 2021. Methodology: The domestic violence scale was based on 7 factors included neglect, psychological violence, spiritual violence, verbal violence, economic violence, physical violence, and sexual violence. Initially, 305 statements were developed on the bases of inductive and deductive approaches. 202 out of 305 items were selected after expert evaluation. Further, the pilot study retained 131 items. Moreover, for final administration data was collected by using a self-reported questionnaire on 654 married males and females from District Sargodha and District Gujrat Pakistan (including 320 injured women victimized by domestic violence reported in DHQ hospital Sargodha and Gujrat). Results: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Pallant showed an acceptable value above 0.6 showing the sampling adequacy of the Domestic Violence Scale. The KMO value of the domestic violence scale was 0.955, and the CFI was 0.948 with a significant p<0.01 value. The results indicated appropriate model fit indices for a significant model fit. There was high reliability of the domestic violence scale (0.951) at a 0.01 level of significance. At the end of all analyses 25 reliable and valid items retain in the scale. Conclusion: Domestic violence scale is valid and reliable instrument to measure neglect, psychological violence, spiritual violence, verbal violence, economic violence, physical violence, and sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]