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This research focuses on the importance of the Railway buildings built during the time of British Colonial Railway (1862-1947) in Lahore. It identifies the Overall Condition of various building types considering the Age, Architectural Assessment, Structural Assessment, Deteriorating Level and Building Integrity. Subsequently, the buildings are evaluated to determine the priorities for conservation considering Building Condition, Age, Use, Importance and Intervention during past. The research will invite the attention of the academia, railway administration and other stake holders within and outside the Pakistan to conduct similar studies in other cities of Pakistan where railway heritage is demanding for an immediate attention. The paper concludes that representative of each category of railway buildings built during British period in Lahore and other area of Pakistan must be documented, conserved and protected before this important heritage disappear from scene for ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Till the first half of the nineteenth century the British Colonial Residential Buildings in India suffered lack of an appropriate roofing system. The limitations in materials, technology and technical expertise were main hurdles for any viable solution. The frequent import of steel from England and discarded steel joists from railway during mid of nineteenth century changed the whole scenario and buildings were provided roofs of permanent nature and more secure with reference to fire incidents. Among these options the Jack Arch roofing became the most demanding for all types of buildings and all major departments of the British Indian Empire started to build roofing of their buildings with Jack Arch. It was so feasible and flexible in terms of planning underneath that without any major effort the requirements of any space became possible. In this research it is explored through residential buildings of British India?s time that how this structural system remained successful in terms of its application in various building types, construction technology, materials, space requirements, reliability, and climatic aspects. The paper concludes that construction of „Jack Arch? roofing during British time in India was an economical solution to accommodate the British Colonial space requirements and climatic needs in various building types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among many milestones of British Raj in Lahore, the Lawrence and Montgomery Halls, presently known as Quad-e- Azam Library are the master pieces of earlier period of British architecture in Lahore which were constructed with the subscriptions of British and Indian communities of the Punjab, as memorial in the honor of two European commanders of British Indian Empire. These buildings have been greatly surviving for the last 149 years and still hold prominent position in building stock of Lahore. To find out the reasons behind the longer survival of these remarkable British colonial buildings in Lahore, this paper explores the architectural design, structural scheme, adaptive reuses and the main driving forces behind the origin of Lawrence and Montgomery Halls. The paper concludes that flexibility in architectural planning, structural stability and acceptance of building form are not the only areas which keep the major architectural and structural intervention away from the buildings but suitable selection of adaptive reuses related to the original functions of the building can also play a vital role in survival of older buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on energy conservation giving emphasis on Passive design application in residential buildings of government and private sectors with respect to solar orientation. The environmental data are calculated and presented for the solar passive application in architectural and urban designing for thermal control. The study is based on the experimental findings of test rooms at main orientations and the results are applied on a standard house plan configuration for the validity. The results showed the SW an optimum orientation for heating and cooling requirements for energy conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research work was to investigate temperature effect of different materials on conventional concrete roofs for the buildings. Each material tested consists of a combination of materials that can reduce net heat load or temperatures inside the buildings. In Hot climates, the building having Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C) roofs exhibit unfavorable thermal conditions resulting in uncomfortable indoor temperatures. In the absence of passive cooling techniques it also leads to increased cooling loads thereby increased electricity consumption. This study work reports for comparative analysis of different materials locally available for the roofing insulation. Therefore, small rooms already built at different orientations have been tested for studying the passive cooling effect of roofs. Three different materials were applied for the comparison of temperature effects. The analysis of results marked the minimum indoor temperatures for thermal comfort and also the respective insulation- mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the magnetic field generation due to a self-accelerating dynamo in an external gravitational field having calculated and attempt to reconcile it with the existence of gravity effect. (Schekochihin and Cowley, 2008) have proposed a model for the fast growth of magnetic field in galactic clusters using a self-accelerating dynamo. It is shown that the magnetic field amplification is quite large (up to108) factor over a very short period of time of 108yr. This must be so because the viscosity of the medium is determined not only by particular collision but also by plasma micro-instabilities by increasing the effective Reynold number. Here we extend this model and include the effects of the external gravitational field present in such system using the basic fluid equations for the ICM plasma. We modified these equations under the gravitational potential of r, then the numerical results give us the graphs which combine the physical quantities are r radius, B gyroradius and dimensionless measure of the pressure anisotropies Δ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become a popular practice to design highly glazed high rise office buildings in Lahore. The electricity consumption in these buildings is becoming a severe problem in the absence of climatic considerations. Therefore, simulations become a need to evaluate such type of buildings for energy conservation. This paper presents analysis of electricity consumption for typical highly glazed office building in Lahore through simulations process. The parameters selected for simulation were the orientation, shape of building, elements of façade such as windows, their size and the type of glazing. The paper concludes that highly glazed buildings require huge electricity than the buildings designed with climatic considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering geological investigation was carried out to characterize the soil in the Lahore area. Eleven samples were collected from various locations from 25-50 cm depth. Mostly these samples are from green belt and parks where original alluvial deposits exist. Field and laboratory tests were performed to determine the geotechnical properties by adopting standard test procedures. The mineralogical composition of the soil has been verified with XRD for all the samples. The results indicate that geotechnical properties of the soil are as, density 18.30 KN/m3, moisture content by oven dried method 11.90%, moisture content by speedy moisture meter 19.25%, specific gravity 2.78, liquid limit 32.46%, plastic limit 21.57%, friction angle 23.07°, optimum moisture content 8.55% and dry density 3.97g/cm3 . The XRD results clearly shows that the soil in Lahore area is predominately composed of Quartz, Muscovite and Clinoclore as major minerals and can be classified as silty clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]