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Background: Salmonella is the agent responsible for a range of clinical diseases. With emerging antimicrobial resistance, alternative treatment options, including visible range radiation therapy are becoming increasingly common. Visible Range Radiation Therapy/Color Therapy is an emerging technique in the field of energy/vibrational medicine that uses visible spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation to cure different diseases. In this study, our goal was to understand the effect of Visible Range Electromagnetic Radiation on Salmonella (in vitro) and therefore find out the most appropriate visible range radiation for the treatment of diseases caused by Salmonella (in vivo). Materials and Methods: A total of 8 non-repetitive Salmonella isolates were obtained from blood samples obtained from 45 years young male. A single colony of Salmonella was incubated in 25ml Tip Tip Soibroth (TTSB) and 200ul of this Salmonella suspension was poured into each of the test tubes which were then irradiated with eight different wavelengths in the visible region, after 24 hours with one acting as a control. The colony count was then measured. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out. Results: The analysis of the microscopic and SEM images of irradiated Salmonella samples with eight different visible rang radiation is representative of the fact that Salmonella responded differently to every applied radiation in the visible region and most profound inhibitory effects were that of 610nm (Orange) Visible Range Radiation which proved to be bactericidal. The enhanced growth of Salmonella with varying degree was clearly observed in 590nm (Yellow), 547nm (Green), 480nm (Blue), 644nm (Red), 464nm (Purple), and 700nm (Black). Conclusion: It can be concluded that 610nm can effectively be used for inhibition of Salmonella (in vitro) and has the potential to be used for treatment of Salmonella borne diseases (in vivo). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently dust storms are among the most prevalent global environmental issues. They are the early warning indicators for desertification and climate change. The study intends to analyse dust event in Pakistan using normalized dust detection index (NDDI), brightness temperature (BT) and MODIS data of aerosol optical depth (AOD), deep blue angstrom exponent (AE), aerosol index (AI) and HYSPLIT mass trajectory methods. It also highlighted the relationship between NDDI, BT and AOD. The threshold value of NDDI was 0.19 - 0.36 and BT ≤ 310.5 K. Data from CALIPSO, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets were used to validate research's findings. The results found NDDI and BT value for Pakistan and track the movement of dust storm from west to east especially at the height of 5-10km. Dust storms are inversely proportional to relative humidity and pressure. A case study of Dust Storm Events in Pakistan using Brightness Temperature and NDDI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascribing to Knowledge based view (KBV) theory, Human Capital has been recognized as an important organizational resource and an antecedent to success in the organizations. This study in a novel setting of security forces aims to empirically understand the relationship and impact of human capital on the organizational performance of Pakistan Security Forces engaged in Low Intensity Conflicts. A cross sectional field survey was conducted. Statistical analyses revealed a positive significant relationship between human capital and organizational performance. Knowledge as sub construct of human capital was found to be strongest in its impact on organizational performance followed by skills and abilities. The research findings are likely to contribute to theory by extending the corporate research to the security forces context. From the managerial perspective, the findings give clear indications that would allow security forces to understand the importance of human capital management. The findings can be utilized for policy making decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Resource based view theory, firm's unique assets are crucial determinants of sustainable competitive advantage for its ultimate performance. Consequently, different types of assets in the forms of various capitals are emerging. These mainly include intellectual capital, environmental capital, cultural capital and social capital. Some of these either are identical but are used rationally whereas, others symbolically. However, it has been well established that competitiveness depends on the effective use of both tangible and intangible assets. The concept of social capital has now gained currency amongst the researchers of social sciences. Anever increasing number of social scientists have been attracted to study social capital to unearth a wide range of causal effects in their respective domains. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the journey of social capital from a concept to theory and currently as an attractive field of research. Further the study aims to identify the process through which social capital is created in the organizations and how this asset can be applied in work processes for sustained organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of land-use changes on temperature variability in the study area. Lahore is the second-largest city in Pakistan and is facing tremendous pressure in rapid population growth, socio-economic development, and urbanization that change the pattern of land use. Consequently, the annual dTmin temperature is increasing more rapidly as compared to the dTmax temperature. Seasonal temperature variation is also highlighted that dTmin temperature is increasing more rapidly in the spring season. The regression method was used to figure out the temperature variation. Results of the study revealed that Lahore has witnessed a dramatic growth in the built-up area which had a prominent effect on Land surface temperature as well. The Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is used to calculate built-up area in Lahore from 1972 to2015. In 1972 the total built-up area of Lahore was only 62.88 Square kilometers which increased 557.38 square kilometers in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]