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Purpose: Main purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the factors affecting consumption-based emissions (CCO2) and production-based emissions (PCO2) accounting approaches by considering role of eco innovation, energy efficiency, imports, exports and institutional quality under Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for OECD countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study investigated research models based on EKC hypothesis and Porter's hypothesis (PH) by utilizing the data set of 1996 to 2020. This study utilized second generation econometric techniques (Cross sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity tests). Set of regressions and models were estimated by using sys-GMM technique to get robust results after applying the panel unit root test by using E-views. Findings: Result of sys-GMM, supporting the presence of EKC for production-based emissions but EKC doesn't exist for consumption-based emissions. Secondly, the impact of imports and exports is divergent across emission calculation approaches. Imports are significant for CCO2 but have no effect on PCO2. Impact of exports is significant and negative on both emission approaches. Coefficients of eco-innovation (EI) and Energy efficiency (EE) are significant and negative, yet quality of institutions (INQ) have moderating role for enhancing eco-innovation performance in OECD countries. Implications/Originality/Value: Empirical findings of study provided useful insight for policy makers and researchers that both emission calculation approaches (PCO2 and CCO2) have their respective importance depending on the nature of the analysis. In the case of OECD countries, CCO2is more relevant because in OECD countries emission is more related to consumption patterns than production activities. Further, these countries must emphasize synergistic relationship between EI and INQ for enhancing, energy efficiency and eco-innovation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates the dynamic relation of corruption, misery index and total factor productivity with the crime rate in Pakistan. To estimate the model, we adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) procedure over the period of 1980 to 2018. We find that the corruption and misery index appear to have led to a higher crime rate in Pakistan. Thus, the government needs to encompass all the socioeconomic factors along with the corruption and misery index that are responsible for the crime and adopt the crime reduction policies and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to explore the role of governance in sustainable development specifically for the SAARC region. To achieve this objective the study utilizes multi-model approach with panel datasets whereby role of governance is investigated for three core elements of sustainable development i.e. growth, human development and environment. Limitations regarding data availability restrict the study to utilize differentiated time spans, cross-sections and inferential tools for each model. Analyses conclude that governance even has positive role for sustainable development in SAARC but significance of this role is relatively lesser than expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is aimed at investigating the impact of women work participation and women empowerment on household poverty of Southern Punjab. For that purpose, primary data is collected in 2015 from three divisions of southern Punjab i.e. Multan, Bahawalpur and DG Khan. The study uses logistic regression analysis for econometric results. Econometric results propose that age of respondent and household size appear to be significant causes of increasing poverty in Southern Punjab. Moreover, education of respondent, married marital status, women work participation, good sanitation facility, no. of earners, urban residence, women economic empowerment, women social empowerment and women familial/ interpersonal empowerment are significantly turned out to reduce poverty from Southern Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the linkages between poverty and labor force participation in the context of Pakistan. Poverty alleviation has been one of the major issues throughout the societies. Different strategies have been adopted in Pakistan to improve the country condition and earning capacity, provision of social safety nets for the poor. The study is based on the secondary source of data mainly collected from Pakistan Economic Survey and Federal Bureau of Statistics. The determinants of poverty are estimates by using ARDL approach. The findings of the study show that employment is the major source of poverty alleviation and health expenditures and inflation also contribute significantly. It is suggested that more jobs for the skilled population must be created in order to curtail poverty in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital (HC) leads to economic development of a country, higher the investment in human capital (HC) higher the economic development. Education skill enhancement and health are two leading ways to check the progress of human capital. According to Economic Survey 2014-2015 in Pakistan only 2.2% of GDP use for education purposes and only 0.9% of GDP spends on health purpose of people of Pakistan. This study tries to focus on the importance of human capital (HC) investment by checking the impact of financial globalization on human capital (HC). The variables used in the study are FDI inflows, GDP, ICT and Economic globalization as independent variables and mean years of schooling taken for human capital (HC) as dependent variable for the year of 1980-2014. After checking the unit root of variables through augmented dickey fuller test (ADF) it was confirmed that all variables were stationary at I(1). Thus, for I (1) variables the Johansen and Juselius (1990) cointegration approach and vector error correction method is used to estimate the impact of variables on human capital in long-run. The result of this study shows that there exists long run and statistical significant relationship among variables and found that FDI, EG, ICT and GDP positively contributing in human capital. Hence, for positive improvements in human capital the Share of GDP for education sector should increases for that purpose tax net system needed to revise by the government. Government should also provide benign and more cost-effective environment for FDI investors in Pakistan for the promotion of human capital. Use of ICT by youth should urge to be positive for contribution in human capital. Economic globalization should be deliberately improve for it positive contribution in human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender based recognition of contribution to household economy is highly skewed due to insignificant documentation and under enumeration of women's role at all levels in rural areas. Pakistan in general and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in particular is no exception in this regard. In this paper an attempt has been made to investigate the gender based contribution in various sectors of rural household economy in southern KP Province. Micro level study was carried out with integrated survey technique from both male and female respondents selected through cluster sampling at Village Shnawa Gudikhel. The results of this study reveal that women play significant role in household food security and economy through providing rudimentary food products and contribute in term of labor force, fulfilling household needs and cash income. Although, their participation is highly appreciated at household level however, their contribution to household economy is hardly noticed or documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine socioeconomic and demographic factors affecting married women work participation in Southern Punjab. Primary data from 474 married women is gathered from three divisions i.e. Bahawalpur, Multan and DG Khan through random sampling technique. The results of correlation matrix confirm that the econometric model is free from the problem of Multicollinearity. The results of Logistic regression concludes that age, education, decision to work, distance of workplace and family setup are declared as motivating factors for married women's work participation while square of age, distance of health unit, residence and husband's job are confirmed as de-motivating factors for married women's work participation in economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to empirically investigate the impact of human development on gender equality in Pakistan. For this purpose, annual data have been collected from World Development Indicators and International Labor Organization for the period from 1972 to 2013. Female participation in the labor force is taken as a proxy measure of gender equality and used as dependent variable, while the human development index of UNDP is taken as independent variable, along with some other control variables. After compilation of data, stationarity is checked by using a unit root test through augmented dicky fuller test and found that all variables are stationary of order one or integrated of I (1). When all variables are stationary of order one, then we used cointegration analysis by tracing test and max-gain value to validate long run association among the study variables. Cointegration analysis indicates that there is a long run association among the study variables and HDI is positively and significantly contributing toward gender equality in the case of Pakistan. In this regard, policy makers may focus on HDI because this seems to be one of the best indicators for gender equality in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration and urbanization has flooded cities in Pakistan and role the urban informal sector plays is very imperative. The controversy is that almost classical migration models take care of the informal sector as a temporary employment opportunity for rural-urban migrants. Some studies empirically examined that the informal sector may play an imperative role in economic development. The present study distinguishes between the wage-earner and self-employed groups within the informal sector by using a survey data of 1487 participants of the informal and formal sector in three divisions of Southern Punjab (Pakistan). The study results highlight that both the wage earners and self-employed group in the informal sector have played important role in employment creation and in the economic development of Pakistan economy. While wage earner group may provide temporary employment opportunities to the participants and self-employed group emerges as a desirable employment choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The socio-economic determinants of self-employment are identified in three divisions of Southern Punjab by conducting household survey during 2012. A sample of 1174 participants of formal and informal sector is selected in Southern Punjab. By using logit model, the findings make clear that education, household size, family set up, female prime children are the key factors that motivate the workers to determine and enhance the growth potential of self-employment in Sothern Punjab (Pakistan). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal sector employment plays very important role in employment creation and income generation in the economy. The present study identifies personal and socio-economic factors which determine casual employment by using primary data source. Logistic Regression technique is used in this analysis. The main conclusion of the study is that marital status, education, household size, family background significantly affected the casual employment in Southern Punjab (Pakistan). The study results suggest for more employment opportunities creation in urban informal sector in Southern Punjab (Pakistan). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the impact of health on economic growth. Low economic growth is an important issue for underdeveloped countries. Health conditions are miserable in poor countries. We have estimated that how health related factors influence the economic performance of the Pakistani economy. The secondary source of data covering the time series period 1975 to 2010 is employed. We have used the auto regressive distributed lags method (ARDL) to estimate the economic growth. Different variables are used such as gross fixed capital formation, employed labor force, exchange rate, inflation rate, total number of beds in hospitals, health expenditures, total number of dispensaries and total number of registered doctors. The exchange rate has negative effect on economic growth while all other variables are positively related to economic growth. The study concludes that better health facilities contribute more in economic growth and suggest that government should provide good health facilities by increasing the share of health expenditure in budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection of suitable site for construction project is essential since it has strong linkage with service life of the project. Recent fast developments in construction technology consider only the technical suitability of the project site but ignore the economic suitability. There can be many instances when a site may be suitable from technical point but not from economic point of view and vice versa. This research is about finding economic suitability of three different project sites located in Liberia. Cardinal approach was used for the study. A multi-prong comprehensive research methodology was adopted to accomplish the task. Detail economic features of each site were studied and thorough economic evaluation was carried out. Finally, based on economic factors, an economic suitability map was created for the area with the latest and state of the art computer software. The research is first of its kind to map the features of economic evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for Pakistan based on annual data for the period of 1972-2012. The demand for energy is increasing rapidly in the globalizing world. Most of the countries are facing shortage of energy and consequently it is severely affecting the economic growth. In Pakistan, there is insufficient investment in the energy sector to the extent that majority of commercial energy infrastructure is still underdeveloped. There are many flaws in the demand side and supply side especially relating to payments. Consequently a huge amount is disbursed on account of circular debit in Pakistan. The empirical results state that the consumption of electricity is significantly stimulating economic growth among other sources of energy. The oil consumption is also affecting economic growth adversely because of its high volume of import. The variable of trade openness has also positive impact on economic growth in the period. The study has important policy implication for Pakistan's economy that there should be shift from expensive imported fuel (oil) to indigenously available alternative fuel (gas or coal) in order to reduce import burden and consequently current account balance. The government should make short run as well as long run plans of low-priced energy generation domestically to meet the needs of high energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of human capital formation in economic growth in Pakistan by using the secondary data for the period of 1972- 73 to 2010-11. The results implied that education enrollment (proxy for human capital), health and physical capital are important to boost the economic growth in Pakistan. Human capital, fixed capital and employed labor force affect the GDP and result in unidirectional and non-unidirectional causality. After estimating the model, we concluded that education enrollment index, gross fixed capital formation and Gini coefficient have positive and significant impact on gross domestic product, while head count ratio, infant mortality rate, CPI inflation and investment growth rate have negative and significant impact on gross domestic product in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major purpose of this study is to re-examine the existence of inflation growth relationship in the economy of Pakistan and to analyze empirically the impact of inflation on GDP growth of the economy. It is, further, to investigate whether it encourages or hurts the economic growth in a uniform way or it behaves differently under different levels. Annual time-series data for the period 1972-73 to 2009-10 have been taken and analysis is made by employing the method of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). A negative and significant inflation growth relationship has been found to be existed in the economy of Pakistan. The results of the study show that prevailing inflation is harmful to the GDP growth of the economy after a certain threshold level. On the basis of the descriptive and econometric analysis, we may suggest to the policy makers and the State Bank of Pakistan to restrict the inflation below the 7 percent level and to keep it stable. So that it may exert its positive effects on economic growth of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saving and Investment are two main macroeconomic variables that are helpful in price stability and promotion of employment for the under developed country like Pakistan. The purpose of our study is to answer the question that how labor class, job holders', business class and farmers' class of Pakistan decide about saving in their daily life. To explore the dynamics of decision about saving, authors have brought together sample of 376 respondents from rural and urban areas of district Multan using stratified random sampling technique. The study follows and proves life cycle hypothesis that is visible with positive sign of Age of respondent and negative sign of age square for all earner groups. The study concludes that children's educational expenditures, family size and liabilities to be paid by household head are reducing factors for savings of labor class while value of assets and income of household are features those are inducing labor class savings significantly. On the other side, job holder households are likely to save more in response of Spouse participation, total income of household and value of all physical assets. Children's educational expenditures, liabilities to be paid by household head and marital status are the aspects those are inversely associated with job holders' saving. Business class savings rise in response of only income and fall due to education, children's educational expenditure, liabilities and marital status. There is positive contribution of spouse participation, total income and value of assets with farmers' class savings. On the other hand, farmers' class can save less due to their education, children's educational expenditure, family size, liabilities, marital status and region of residence. It is also suggested that Govt. should pay more attention towards free education and also towards industrial development of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]