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Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) is an important dithiocarbamate bactericide; it has been widely used for the control of various diseases in fruits, vegetables, seeds and food grains. However, it also causes environmental pollution problems and poses a threat to human health to a certain extent. Thiram induces tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) by causing oxidative stress and antioxidants imbalance in tibial growth plate in poultry. TD is a skeletal abnormality in fastgrowing poultry birds. It has been considered an economically important disease in poultry that affects poultry industry by carcass loss at meat processing plant due to decrease in disease resistance, production performance, and carcass quality and induces breast cysts and osteomyelitis worldwide. Oxidative stress is developed due to the imbalance of free radical oxygen, which disrupts the equilibrium state of oxidant and antioxidant tending to oxidation. This review is based on the current research, mainly to explore the relationship and mechanism between tibial dyschondroplasia and oxidative stress induced by thiram, which provides a new theoretical foundation for the further research of the related mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) has always been of significant importance related to cardiovascular diseases. The PHS is one of the major reasons for the high morbidity and mortality in broilers negatively impacting the broiler farming industry. In this study samples from lungs and blood of broilers with enlarged and normal abdomen were collected and fluorescence quantification, immunohistochemistry and histopathology of the selected organs were done to diagnose this disease in broilers. Clinically, it was observed that morbid broilers were depressed, dyspneic, right heart hypertrophied, right ventricle to total ventricle volume (RV/TV) was greater than 0.25 and abdomen was enlarged having yellowish fluid. The diagnosis of PHS was confirmed by the RV/TV and clinical symptoms whereas, the histopathological observations revealed that with age the pulmonary vascular density decreased, lumen of the pulmonary vessels was narrowed and the middle layer of pulmonary vessels was thickened. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining of the selected samples was done. It was found that age increased in greater interstitial spaces in the lungs of PHS broilers along with inflammatory cells infiltrating the lungs. Results of fluorescence quantification and immunohistochemistry revealed that all types of PDK (PDK1, PDK2, PDK3, PDK4) exhibited significant upregulation in the lungs of broilers with PHS onset and PDK4 was significantly expressed on pulmonary vessels. Therefore, it was concluded that PHS leads to remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature leading to ascites and PDK plays an important role in the progression of PHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the status and lessons learned from veterinary medicine and its One health perspective in academia, comparing the systems of China with the rest of the world. For this purpose, multiple databases, including PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science, etc., were used to analyze various aspects of veterinary education in China. The paper is structured into sections including veterinary medicine in academic institutions, the development of veterinary culture, the status of veterinary education in China, issues and challenges, international comparisons, and optimization suggestions. In this study, a simple approach to the historical evolution of veterinary education in different developmental stages is revealed through a retrospective analysis. The section on the status of veterinary education in China focuses on critical areas such as talent cultivation, practical teaching and internships, educational evaluation systems, professional education, and innovation and entrepreneurship. Through the analysis of challenges and issues in Chinese veterinary education, the paper reveals inadequacies in curriculum systems and imbalances in internship and practical opportunities. Comparing with Europe, America, and developing countries, this paper offers insights and inspirations to guide the 'future development of veterinary education in China. Finally, the paper proposes optimization suggestions, including improvements to the curriculum system, strengthening practical teaching, and promoting international cooperation and exchange. These measures aim to propel Chinese veterinary education towards a healthier, more diverse, and internationalized direction, enhancing the overall quality of veterinary professionals to meet better veterinary workers, nonhuman animals, and one health in societal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) is a poultry disease that causes significant economic losses in broilers. Portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis can cause ascites formation. Disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics causes several diseases; however, its mechanism of action in PHS is not yet fully understood. In this research, 210 broilers were split randomly into two groups: control and PHS. Broilers in the control group were injected with normal saline and those in the PHS group were injected with CM-32 cellulose particles at 20 days of age. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to assess mitochondrial ultrastructure. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics were measured by immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR and western blotting. On days 28 and 42, the liver and heart were collected from each group, and the ascites heart index (AHI) and hepatic coefficient were calculated. The results showed that PHS induced hepatocyte damage, reduced mitochondrial size, and increased mitochondrial number. Furthermore, RT-PCR demonstrated the downregulation of Mfn1, Mfn2, and Opa1 mRNA, and the upregulation of Drp1 and Mff mRNA. Protein expression levels detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting were similar to those obtained by RTPCR. This study showed that mitochondrial fusion in the liver was diminished and mitochondrial fission in the liver was enhanced in PHS broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a metabolic bone disease that occurs in fastgrowing chickens and can lead to substantial economic damages and compromise the poultry welfare. Triptolide is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has been broadly used as an anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancerous drug. However, its therapeutic role against tibial dyschondroplasia is under-reported yet. Therefore, the study aimed for investigating the protective effect of triptolide against autophagy and apoptosis in TD affected chickens. Random classification of chickens (n=30) was done into three groups: CON, TD and triptolide treatment group (TP). All chickens were given standard diet until the end of the experiment for 18 days. In this study, tibial bone was collected for analyzing several aspects, serum was collected for biochemical analysis, and microscopic assessment was done by H&E staining. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and RT-qPCR were used to detect autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins and genes. Observations illustrated that after triptolide treatment, the symptoms of TD group were improved, and tibial parameters were changed. At the same time, the expression of m-TOR and P62 mRNA in TP group showed significant decrease comparing to TD group. Precisely, thiram induced TD was found to be involved in hypertrophic chondrocytes apoptosis and autophagy, and triptolide showed protective effects against TD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascites syndrome (AS) is a common nutritional metabolic disease in broilers that results in major loss to the breeding industry. The occurrence of AS is closely related to the abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscles cells (PASMCs) caused by hypoxia. The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 6 (TRPC6) is a Ca2+ channel situated on cell membranes, and belongs to the proliferation of PASMCs caused by hypoxia in mammals. However, its role in hypoxic PASMCs in broilers remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of TRPC6 on the proliferation and apoptosis of primary chicken PASMCs under hypoxic conditions using an in vitro model. Primary chicken PASMCs were cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions (3% O2). The hypoxic cells were treated with 10 μM of SKF 96365 or 50 μM of fluofenamic acid (FFA) to inhibit or activate TRPC6, respectively. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8, intracellular Ca2+ levels, cell cycle and cell apoptosis were assayed by a flow cytometric assay, the mRNA levels of TRPC6 were measured by digital-droplet PCR (ddPCR), the protein levels of TRPC6 were tested by immunoblotting, and the mRNA levels of caspase3 were detected by RT-PCR. Our results revealed that exposing PASMCs to hypoxic conditions for 48h increased cell viability and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Additionally, hypoxic conditions increased the expression of TRPC6 and promoted cell cycle progression, but decreased cell apoptosis and caspase 3 mRNA levels. When the hypoxic PASMCs were treated with SKF 96365, inhibition of TRPC6 and cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis were observed only in the first 24h of treatment. Treatment with FFA for 24h had the opposite effects. These results suggested that TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ entry contributed to hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation and apoptosis resistance, which identified TRPC6 as a possible key target in vascular remodeling in chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]