822 results
Search Results
2. Immunoproteomic analysis of fish ectoparasite, Argulus siamensis antigens.
- Author
-
Das, Priyanka, Badhe, Mohan R., Sahoo, Pramoda Kumar, Reddy, Raudu Rajendra Kumar, Suryawanshi, Amol R., and Mohanty, Jyotirmaya
- Subjects
ROHU ,IMMUNE serums ,ANTIGENS ,ACRYLAMIDE ,MASS spectrometry ,PROTEOMICS - Abstract
Aim: An immunoproteomic approach was followed to identify immunoreactive antigens of fish ectoparasite, Argulus siamensis with rohu (Labeo rohita) immune sera for screening of potential vaccine candidates. Materials and results: The whole adult Argulus antigen was run in 2D electrophoresis with IEF in 7 cm IPG strips of pH 4‐7 and SDS‐PAGE with 12% acrylamide concentration. Two parallel gels were run; one was stained with silver stain, and the other was Western blotted to nitrocellulose paper (NCP) and reacted with rohu anti‐A siamensis sera. Fourteen protein spots corresponding to the spots developed in NCP were picked from the silver‐stained gel and subjected to mass spectrometry in MALDI‐TOF/TOF. The MS/MS spectra were analysed in MASCOT software with taxonomy 'other metazoa' and the proteins identified based on similarity with the proteins from heterologous species. The gene ontology analysis revealed a majority of proteins being involved in binding activity in 'molecular function' and belonging to metabolic processes in 'biologic process' categories. The possibility of these proteins as vaccine candidates against Asiamensis is discussed in the paper. Conclusion: Three of the identified proteins namely, bromodomain‐containing protein, anaphase‐promoting complex subunit 5 and elongation factor‐2 could possibly serve as vaccine candidates against argulosis in carps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Kinetics of IgA and eosinophils following a low‐dose, predominantly Haemonchus contortus infection of Boer goats.
- Author
-
Hayyan, Basripuzi N., Sharma, Reuben S.K., Raimy, Nurulaini, Nisha, Mehru, Hussain, Khalida, Busin, Valentina M., Jenvey, Caitlin J., Cairns, Callum, and Stear, Michael J.
- Subjects
HAEMONCHUS contortus ,GOAT diseases ,GOATS ,GOAT breeds ,EOSINOPHILS ,NEMATODE infections ,WORM eggs ,EOSINOPHILIA - Abstract
Aims: Most breeds of goat are more susceptible to nematode infection than sheep, and this appears to be a consequence of less effective immune responses. Several papers have considered the effectiveness of eosinophils and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in goats but differences in the induction of responses have not been studied in the same detail. The aim of this study was to look at the induction of eosinophil and IgA responses in Boer goats reared indoors under intensive conditions. Methods and results: The goats were experimentally infected with a low dose of 2400 Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. at a 6:1:1 ratio. Faecal egg counts (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), IgA activity against third‐stage larvae and peripheral eosinophilia were measured twice a week for eight weeks. The infection generated an IgA response but did not significantly increase peripheral eosinophilia in the 25 infected kids compared with the 4 control animals. FEC was not associated with IgA activity or eosinophilia. Conclusion: A detailed analysis of IgA and eosinophil responses to deliberate nematode infection in Boer goats showed that there was an increase in nematode‐specific IgA activity but no detectable eosinophil response. In addition, there was no association between increased IgA activity or eosinophilia with egg counts and worm burdens. These suggest that IgA and eosinophils do not act to control nematode infection in goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Case of concurrence of bullous pemphigoid and Norwegian scabies.
- Author
-
wang, Xuesong, Liu, Yongxia, Li, Jianke, Bao, Fangfang, and Chen, Mingfei
- Subjects
BULLOUS pemphigoid ,SCABIES ,NORWEGIANS - Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) with scabies is a condition rarely encountered in clinical practice, and when it is encountered, it is often due to the use of immunosuppressants. This paper is a report on a patient with BP and scabies, who developed scabs after taking dexamethasone. It should be noted that BP antibody is necessary, which can distinguish BP with scabies and bullous scabies, and the treatment options for the two diseases are different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. There and back again: 35 years of Parasite Immunology.
- Author
-
Grencis, R. and Riley, E.
- Subjects
PARASITES ,IMMUNOLOGY ,CD4 antigen ,T cells ,IMMUNOLOGISTS ,ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,PHYSIOLOGY - Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Contents.
- Subjects
IMMUNOLOGY - Abstract
The table of contents for the December 2007 issue of "Parasite Immunology" is presented.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Development of vaccines for parasitic diseases of animals: Challenges and opportunities.
- Author
-
Morrison, W. Ivan and Tomley, Fiona
- Subjects
VETERINARY parasitology ,DRUG development ,VETERINARY vaccines ,ANTIPARASITIC agents ,DRUG efficacy ,DIAGNOSIS ,THERAPEUTICS - Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. New developments for Parasite Immunology.
- Subjects
IMMUNOLOGY ,PERIODICALS - Abstract
Editorial. Describes changes in the format and content of the periodical 'Parasite Immunology.' Numerical referencing of original papers; Submission of manuscripts for inclusion in the 'Rapid Publication Research Notes' section; Changes in the 'Review Articles' section.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Immunodiagnosis of sheep infections with Echinococcus granulosus: in 35 years where have we come?
- Author
-
M cManus, D. P.
- Subjects
IMMUNODIAGNOSIS ,SHEEP as laboratory animals ,ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,IMMUNOLOGY ,ELECTROPHORESIS ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS ,DRUG development - Abstract
W. K. Yong and D. D. Heath published in 1979 a seminal paper in the first issue of Parasite Immunology describing their efforts to determine whether the arc 5 precipitin band, formed when test human serum is reacted against electrophoresed hydatid cyst fluid antigen, would be a suitable immunodiagnostic test for the identification of sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Although they found antibodies to arc 5 in the sera of hydatid-infected sheep, the sera of some sheep harbouring Taenia ovis and T. hydatigena also precipitated the hydatid cyst fluid arc 5 antigen, so they concluded arc 5 antibodies were not suitable for the specific immunodiagnosis of E. granulosus infection in sheep in New Zealand. Subsequent work has shown that the existence of multiple infections with different taeniid species, antigenic cross-reactivity between these related parasites and the low level of specific antibody response to infection continue to hinder efforts to improve the diagnosis of hydatid infection in sheep and other natural intermediate hosts, thereby preventing the development of any practical test. In particular, the poor antibody response of ruminants to naturally acquired hydatid infection may prove an insurmountable barrier in future efforts to develop a reliable and accurate immunological test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Cover Image.
- Author
-
Wang, Junhua, Jebbawi, Fadi, Bellanger, Anne‐Pauline, Beldi, Guido, Millon, Laurence, and Gottstein, Bruno
- Subjects
IMMUNOLOGY - Abstract
The cover image is based on the Original Paper Immunotherapy of alveolar echinococcosis via PD‐1/PD‐L1 immune checkpoint blockade in mice by Junhua Wang et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.12596. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Mucosal antibody responses in experimental hookworm infection.
- Author
-
Bungiro, R. D., Sun, T., Harrison, L. M., Shoemaker, C. B., and Cappello, M.
- Subjects
HOOKWORMS ,ANCYLOSTOMA ,HAMSTERS ,IMMUNOGLOBULIN A ,IMMUNOGENETICS ,ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay ,PEDIATRICS - Abstract
Hookworms are bloodfeeding nematodes that reside in the intestinal mucosa. These parasites secrete proteins that induce robust systemic immune responses in humans and experimental animals. By contrast, mucosal immune responses in and around the site of attachment are not described as well. This paper presents data from studies aimed at examining hookworm-specific mucosal antibody responses in a hamster model of Ancylostoma ceylanicum infection. Intestinal flush prepared from infected hamsters was analysed by ELISA and shown to be enriched in IgA-specific for A. ceylanicum excretory–secretory (ES) products. Evaluation of mucosal IgA responses by immunoblot demonstrated that infected hamsters recognized a broad range of ES proteins. Hamsters repeatedly exposed to drug-terminated infections were shown to have enhanced serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses, as well as a high level of protection from challenge infection. Parasite-specific IgA was also detected in the faeces of hamsters undergoing a primary infection, and increasing faecal IgA responses were coincident with significant reductions in intestinal worm burdens and faecal ES output over time. Together these results suggest that secretory IgA may act in concert with other components of the mucosal and systemic immune response to promote protective immunity against hookworm infection and/or disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Emerging technologies and their applications in interactions between nutrition and immunity to gastrointestinal parasites in sheep.
- Author
-
ATHANASIADOU, S. and HUNTLEY, J. F.
- Subjects
NUTRITIONAL immunology ,IMMUNE response ,PATHOGENIC microorganisms ,NEMATODES as carriers of disease ,IMMUNITY ,NUTRITION ,NUTRIENT interactions ,SHEEP parasites ,IMMUNOLOGY ,MEDICAL parasitology - Abstract
Despite the plethora of evidence on the consequences of host nutrition on their immune responses to gastrointestinal parasites, the identity of molecules and mechanisms that drive the manifestations of immunity under nutrient abundance are not yet known. This is partly due to limitations of the methodologies employed to date that have failed to give comprehensive answers. The great advancements in the technological front over the past few years have opened a window of opportunity to identify these effector molecules, to explore both the mechanisms and cellular pathways and to evaluate their importance in the immune response to parasites. The aim of this paper is to present some of the novel, high-throughput technologies that are currently available in immunology and to explore their use in advancing our knowledge in interactions between nutrition and immunity to nematode parasites, with special reference to sheep. In the first part, we introduce the technologies and we discuss advantages and pitfalls of their use. We bring in successful examples of how their employment advanced knowledge and improved our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate immune responses to pathogens (both micro- and macroparasites). In the second part, we focus on the impact of nutrition on the immune response to parasites, and explore how these technologies can be used to advance our knowledge of immunonutritional interactions. We use as our starting point well-established models that have been successfully used to investigate the consequences of nutrition on the manifestations of immunity to parasites, which we further consider in the context of the novel technologies. We conclude by emphasizing the great potential of the described methodologies in unravelling the complex interactions between nutrition and immunity, but we also recommend caution when interpreting the outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis: diversity and role of antibodies in different compartments of the host.
- Author
-
CORREA, D., CAÑEDO-SOLARES, I., ORTIZ-ALEGRÍA, L. B., CABALLERO-ORTEGA, H., and RICO-TORRES, C. P.
- Subjects
TOXOPLASMA gondii ,APICOMPLEXA ,IMMUNOREGULATION ,BIOMARKERS ,PATHOLOGY - Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is remarkable in several aspects, since it is a protozoan that infects most nucleated cells in many warm-blooded animals, worldwide. Although the cellular immune response against T. gondii is critical for infection control, antibodies may either enhance or block protective mechanisms, and even mediate immunological damage, directly or indirectly. Since cytokines regulate the class/subclass switch, antibodies may also be the biomarkers of protective or pathological cellular immune events. There is a scientific and clinical interest in the presence of natural and autoreactive antibodies, as well as in the ‘chronic’ immunoglobulin M (IgM) response and the post-treatment ‘rebound’. Another interesting aspect is compartmentalization; certain immunoglobulins may uniquely be found in specific host fluids. Local synthesis has been demonstrated, but antibodies may also traverse several cell layers, like the blood–brain and haemato-ocular barriers, and the placenta. In some instances, Fc receptors (FcRs) facilitate transport and may even have a concentrator effect, which can be related to resistance or pathology. These aspects of the humoral response against T. gondii are reviewed in the present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Heart- and skeletal muscle-specific antigens recognized by trichinellosis patient sera.
- Author
-
Pratesi, F., Bongiorni, F., Kociecka, W., Migliorini, P., and Bruschi, F.
- Subjects
TRICHINOSIS ,IMMUNOPATHOLOGY ,PATIENTS ,MYOCARDIUM ,ANTIGENS ,PROTEINS - Abstract
The heart can be seriously affected in human trichinellosis, and cardiac involvement can cause death. Experimental infections in rats have suggested the possible participation of immunopathological processes. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the possible presence in trichinellosis patient sera of antibodies recognizing host tissues and particularly the myocardium. Nineteen sera from late period trichinellosis patients, who acquired infection in the Poznan region (Poland), were tested by immunoblot on extracts from normal rat or human heart ventricle wall, spleen, placenta, kidney and skeletal muscle. Patients' sera recognized several antigens that were not recognized by normal sera. On rat and human heart ventricle wall, a high proportion of sera (42%) reacted with a protein of 68 kDa (P< 0.05 compared to normal sera). The reactivity with this antigen, however, was not significantly different in patients with or without cardiac involvement. When sera were tested on skeletal muscle we found that 47% reacted with a protein of 27 kDa and 53% reacted with a protein of 41 kDa (P<0.05 for both proteins, compared with normal sera). The reactivity against the 68 kDa antigen and against the 27 and 41 kDa skeletal muscle antigens was not observed on kidney, placenta and spleen extracts. Moreover, very few bands were observed on these tissues as compared to heart and skeletal muscle tissues, thus suggesting a high tissue specificity of the reactivity of trichinellosis sera. In conclusion, this study identifies organ-specific autoantibodies in trichinellosis patient sera, their role in the pathogenesis of cardiac involvement being still unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Prospects for recombinant vaccines against Babesia bovis and related parasites.
- Author
-
Brown, W. C., Norimine, J., Goff, W. L., Suarez, C. E., and Mcelwain, T. F.
- Subjects
CATTLE parasites ,CATTLE infections ,BABESIOSIS ,PARASITES ,BABESIA ,VACCINATION ,CATTLE - Abstract
Babesial parasites infect cattle in tropical and temperate regions of the world and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Discovery of protective antigens that could be used in a killed vaccine has been slow and to date there are few promising vaccine candidates for cattle Babesia. This review describes mechanisms of protective innate and adaptive immune responses to babesial parasites and different strategies to identify potentially protective protein antigens of B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens . Successful parasites often cause persistent infection, and this paper also discusses how B. bovis evades and regulates the immune response to promote survival of parasite and host. Development of successful non-living recombinant vaccines will depend on increased understanding of protective immune mechanisms and availability of parasite genomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Genetic variation in resistance to repeated infections with Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri, in inbred mouse strains selected for the mouse genome project.
- Author
-
Behnke, J. M., Mugambi, J. M., Clifford, S., Iraqi, F. A., Baker, R. L., Gibson, J. P., and Wakelin, D.
- Subjects
GENE mapping ,GENOMES ,ANIMAL genome mapping ,GASTROINTESTINAL agents ,GASTROINTESTINAL diseases ,IMMUNE response ,ANTIGEN-antibody reactions ,ANIMAL genetics techniques - Abstract
Since the publication of the mouse genome, attention has focused on the strains that were selected for sequencing. In this paper we report the results of experiments that characterized the response to infection with the murine gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus of eight new strains (A/J, C57BL/6, C3H, DBA/2, BALB/c, NIH, SJL and 129/J), in addition to the well-characterized CBA (poor responder) and SWR (strong responder) as our controls. We employed the repeated infection protocol (consisting of 7 superimposed doses of 125L3 each administered at weekly intervals, faecal egg counts in weeks 2, 4 and 6 and assessment of worm burdens in week 6) that was used successfully to identify quantitative trait loci for genes involved in resistance to H. polygyrus . SWR, SJL and NIH mice performed indistinguishably and are confirmed as strong responder strains to H. polygyrus . CBA, C3H and A/J mice all tolerated heavy infections and are assessed as poor responders. In contrast, DBA/2, 129/J and BALB/c mice performed variably between experiments, some tolerating heavy worm burdens comparable to those in poor responders, and some showing evidence of resistance, although only in one experiment with female 129/J females and one with female BALB/c was the pattern and extent of worm loss much like that in SWR mice. Because the genetic relationships between six of the strains exploited in this study are now well-understood, our results should enable analysis through single nucleotide polymorphisms and thereby provide more insight into the role of the genes that control resistance to H. polygyrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Priming of CD4+ T cells and development of CD4+ T cell memory; lessons for malaria.
- Author
-
STEPHENS, R. and LANGHORNE, J.
- Subjects
MALARIA immunology ,T cells ,MALARIA vaccines ,IMMUNE response ,IMMUNOPATHOLOGY ,VACCINATION ,CD4 antigen - Abstract
CD4 T cells play a central role in the immune response to malaria. They are required to help B cells produce the antibody that is essential for parasite clearance. They also produce cytokines that amplify the phagocytic and parasitocidal response of the innate immune system, as well as dampening this response later on to limit immunopathology. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which T helper cells are activated and the requirements for development of specific, and effective, T cell memory and immunity is essential in the quest for a malaria vaccine. In this paper on the CD4 session of the Immunology of Malaria Infections meeting, we summarize discussions of CD4 cell priming and memory in malaria and in vaccination and outline critical future lines of investigation. B. Stockinger and M.K. Jenkins proposed cutting edge experimental systems to study basic T cell biology in malaria. Critical parameters in T cell activation include the cell types involved, the route of infection and the timing and location and cell types involved in antigen presentation. A new generation of vaccines that induce CD4 T cell activation and memory are being developed with new adjuvants. Studies of T cell memory focus on differentiation and factors involved in maintenance of antigen specific T cells and control of the size of that population. To improve detection of T cell memory in the field, efforts will have to be made to distinguish antigen-specific responses from cytokine driven responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Immunity to schistosomiasis in animals: an update.
- Author
-
VERCRUYSSE, J. and GABRIEL, S.
- Subjects
SCHISTOSOMA ,SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,IMMUNITY ,PARASITIC diseases ,INFECTION - Abstract
The present paper reviews the available literature on the development of immunity to animal Schistosoma infections. The majority of the studies on animal schistosomiasis were performed in cattle and pigs and only Schistosoma mattheei , S. bovis and S. japonicum received particular attention, mainly because of their recognized veterinary significance or zoonotic aspect. Although it is an accepted fact that acquired resistance to Schistosoma is of major importance in the regulation of infection intensity in the field, almost nothing is yet known of either the nature of the antigens or of the immune mechanisms involved. The recent studies on immunity development focus in particular on the occurrence of maternal to foetal transfer of immunological substances related to animal Schistosoma infections and possible effects of these transfers on the immunity development of the foetus/newborn. Since congenital infections for Schistosoma species other than S. japonicum are extremely rare, the most plausible route for foetal contact is the transplacental or postnatal transfer of immunological substances. Prenatal transfers of specific antibodies and antigens via placental lesions and postnatal transfers via the colostrum were observed in cattle and pigs, and subsequent modifications of the immune response of the newborn were observed. Placental lesions induced by Schistosoma eggs could allow other pathogens to cross the placenta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Resistance to re-infection after exposure to normal and attenuated schistosome parasites in the baboon model.
- Author
-
KARIUKI, T. M. and FARAH, I. O.
- Subjects
SCHISTOSOMA ,PARASITIC diseases ,BABOONS ,PARASITES ,DRUG therapy - Abstract
The baboon model of schistosomiasis has been used extensively to study parasite biology, immune responses and pathological manifestations after natural and experimental infections. The body of knowledge accumulated so far has placed this animal model at the pinnacle in the continuing search for new interventions and might hold the key to the development of new anti-schistosome vaccines. In this review paper, we highlight previous and recent studies that have elevated the baboon to be the model of choice for schistosomiasis research. In particular, the long-term studies of re-infection after chemotherapy as well as the interaction between vaccination, chemotherapy and infection are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Adjuvant guided polarization of the immune humoral response against a protective multicomponent antigenic protein (Q) fromLeishmania infantum. A CpG + Q mix protects Balb/c mice from infection.
- Author
-
Parody, N., Soto, M., Requena, J. M., and Alonson, C.
- Subjects
EPITOPES ,LEISHMANIA ,IMMUNE response ,IMMUNOLOGICAL adjuvants ,IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ,VACCINES ,PROTEINS ,PARASITES - Abstract
It has been shown that vaccination with three doses of theLeishmania infantumpoly-protein Q containing five genetically fused antigenic determinants from the Lip2a, Lip2b, H2A and P0 proteins, mixed with BCG induces clearance of parasites in 9 out of 10Leishmania infantum-infected Beagle dogs, in addition to clinical protection. In the present paper we analysed the immunogenic potential of the poly-protein Q and the specificity and polarization of the response against the antigenic determinants of Q when mixed with various adjuvants. The data showed that the Q protein had high intrinsic immunogenic potential and that it was able to induce a long-lasting IgG response. The IgM immunogenic potential of the poly-protein was mainly due to the LiP2a and LiP2b determinants, whereas the IgG immunogenic potential was mainly due to the LiP2a component. It was observed that the protein itself elicited a mixed IgG2a/IgG1 response and that the determinants of Q were endowed with different IgG2a/IgG1 potential. It was also observed that the adjuvants did not influence the intensity or specificity of the IgM response but that they modulated the intensity, the specificity and the polarization of the IgG response against the determinants of Q. CpG-ODN motifs or double-stranded DNA plasmids containing CpG motifs when mixed with Q induced a predominant IgG2a response mainly observed at early stages post-immunization. The data showed that a CpG + Q mix induced significant protection againstL. infantuminfection in Balb/c mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Mapping of chromosomal regions influencing immunological responses to gastrointestinal nematode infections in mice.
- Author
-
Menge, David M., Behnke, Jerzy M., Lowe, Anna, Gibson, John P., Iraqi, Fuad A., Baker, Leyden, and Wakelin, Derek
- Subjects
NEMATODES ,LABORATORY mice ,GENETICS - Abstract
SUMMARY This paper reports the results of a genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing immunological responses to infection with the gastro-intestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus in an F[sub 2] population created by crossing the resistant SWR and the susceptible CBA inbred mouse strains. Following infections, intestinal granuloma score at post mortem, mucosal mast cell protease 1, and IgE and IgG1 titres were recorded. The susceptible CBA mice had significantly higher IgG1, but significantly lower IgE, mucosal mast cell protease 1 and granuloma scores than SWR mice. Significant QTL were mapped to chromosomes 4, 11, 13 and 17 for granuloma score; chromosomes 12 and 17 for IgE; chromosome 10, 17 and 18 for IgG1 and chromosomes 1, 9, 10, 11, 17 and 18 for mucosal mast cell protease 1. Chromosomes 10, 11, 17 and 18 had QTL affecting more than one trait, and these are most likely to represent single QTL with multiple effects rather than multiple QTL. Some of these QTL map to regions known to harbour genes responsible for the induction of immunological responses to intestinal worms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Characterization of a 35-kDa carbohydrate larval antigen (CarLA) from Trichostrongylus colubriformis ; a potential target for host immunity.
- Author
-
Harrison, G. B. L., Pulford, H. D., Hein, W. R., Severn, W. B., and Shoemaker, C. B.
- Subjects
INTESTINAL mucosa ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS ,IMMUNITY ,SHEEP ,PROTEOLYTIC enzymes - Abstract
SUMMARY In an accompanying paper we show that antibodies in intestinal mucus that recognize a 35-kDa antigen from the surface of the L3 stage of the sheep intestinal nematode parasite, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, are strongly associated with immune rejection of L3 in a truncated infection model of immunity in sheep. Monoclonal antibody PAB-1 was used to immunopurify this antigen from T. colubriformis L3 . The antigen is resistant to digestion with a range of proteases including proteinase K and does not stain on gels or blots treated with protein-detecting reagents but does stain with carbohydrate-detecting reagents. The antigen is also resistant to degradation by the action of lipases and is not soluble in organic solvents, suggesting that lipid components are not present or not accessible. Treatment with glycosidases does not affect the antigen, indicating either that sialic acid and N-linked or O-linked sugars are not present or that they are not accessible to enzyme attack. The antigen is not destroyed by harsh alkaline degradation with up to 8 m NaOH with or without borohydride reducing agent, or by extensive hydrazinolysis. Strong acid hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic acid or boiling in hydrochloric acid for 20 min does destroy the antigen. The antigen migrates as a poorly defined high molecular weight complex on native electrophoresis gels, but is detected as a major band at 35 kDa on SDS PAGE either by carbohydrate staining or by immunoblotting with antibody from immune sheep intestinal mucus and with mAb PAB-1. Proteinase K digestion and alkaline degradation of extracts from L3 of 10 other parasitic nematode species revealed that L3 of each species contained a carbohydrate staining molecule which can be detected by mAb PAB-1 and by mucus antibody from immune sheep. Because antibodies in intestinal mucus are directed against these antigens and may be responsible for protective immunity, carbohydrate larval antigens (CarLA) could represent a new family... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Humoral immune responses during a malaria vaccine trial in Tanzanian infants.
- Author
-
Galindo, Acosta, Schellenberg, Aponte, Roca, Oettli, Urassa, Armstrong Schellenberg, Kahigwa, Ascaso, Mshinda, Willa, Vidal, Menendez, Tanner, Alonso, and Alonso
- Subjects
MALARIA vaccines ,JUVENILE diseases ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
The development of a malaria vaccine is a priority for improved and sustained malaria control. Optimal use of a vaccine in Africa will only be achieved if it can be delivered through the Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI). We have completed a trial of the peptide vaccine SPf66 in Tanzanian infants, given alongside the EPI vaccines. This paper describes the humoral responses to SPf66 and the EPI vaccines. A total of 1207 infants were recruited into a two-arm, double-blind, individually randomized placebo-controlled trial of SPf66. The objectives of the trial were to determine the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of SPf66 and to assess interactions with EPI vaccines when three doses of SPf66 were delivered alongside the EPI vaccines. Cross-sectional surveys were carried out to asses seroconversion rates to the EPI vaccines and the antibody response to SPf66 (NANP)
50 and Plasmodium falciparum lysates. Seroconversion rates to EPI vaccines were high and no statistically significant differences in prevalence or titres were found between SPf66 and placebo recipients. IgG antibodies against SPf66 (NANP)50 and whole P. falciparum lysate were present in high titres in mothers of recruited children at the time of birth. Vaccination with SPf66 stimulated a good anti-SPf66 IgG response which declined to preimmunization levels by 2 years of age and which was not associated with protection against clinical malaria. The vaccine induced no IgG antibodies against (NANP)50 or P. falciparum lysates. SPf66 stimulated a humoral immune response when given to very young infants and did not interfere with seroconversion to EPI vaccines. The response to SPf66 was qualitatively different from that seen in older children, in whom SPf66 has been shown to be moderately efficacious. This difference raises concerns about the difficulties of immunizing very young infants who need to be targeted by antimalarial vaccination programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Dot‐ELISA based on recombinant Hypodermin C of Przhevalskiana silenus for field diagnosis of goat warble fly infestation.
- Author
-
Yadav, Vikas, Rafiqi, Shafiya Imtiaz, Yadav, Anish, Kushwaha, Anand, Godara, Rajesh, Katoch, Rajesh, and Panadero‐Fontán, Rosario
- Subjects
BOTFLIES ,LUMBOSACRAL region ,GOAT milk ,DRIED milk ,SKIM milk ,ESCHERICHIA coli ,DIPTERA - Abstract
Goat warble fly infestation (GWFI) is an economically important myiasis caused by larvae of Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera, Oestridae), prevalent in countries of the Mediterranean Basin and Indian subcontinent. GWFI is characterized by the presence of subcutaneous warbles at the lumbar and sacral region of dorsum in the infested animal. The early larval instars (L1 and L2) remain inaccessible to physical detection due to their small size and subcutaneous presence thus causing hindrance in the diagnosis. The objective of present study was to develop a field applicable early diagnostic intervention for GWFI monitoring and prophylactic management for effective control of the disease. Recombinant Hypodermin C (rHyC) antigen of P. silenus was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein was used for optimizing dot‐ELISA in a checkerboard titration using goat warble fly infested serum as known positive. The optimized assay was further tested for lower temperature (18°C) and incubation time (30 min). The optimized assay was assessed for inter‐rater reliability and field samples. The optimized conditions require 188 ng of protein/dot, 1:800 dilution of serum sample, 1:4000 dilution of anti‐goat IgG conjugate and 5% skim milk powder in phosphate buffer saline as blocking buffer. The assay was found to have a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 97.3% and 95.8%, respectively. The inter‐rater reliability of dot ELISA with rHyC indirect ELISA was found to be almost perfect with a Cohen's kappa index of 0.973. Further testing at ambient temperature (18°C) and shorter incubation steps (30 min) supported suitability of the assay for field diagnosis of GWFI. The present study provides the first report of a sensitive and specific dot‐ELISA for early diagnosis of GWFI which is rapid and cost effective. The test may provide an effective field applicable tool for sustainable control of GWFI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Cover Image Volume 39, Issue 12.
- Author
-
Iyori, M., Blagborough, A. M., Sala, K. A., Nishiura, H., Takagi, K., and Yoshida, S.
- Subjects
- PARASITE Immunology (Periodical), RILEY, Eleanor M.
- Abstract
The cover image, by Mitsuhiro Iyori et al., is based on the Original Paper Protective efficacy of an IL‐12‐expressing baculoviral malaria vaccine, DOI: 10.1111/pim.12498. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Immunogenic proteins of Leishmania major during mouse infection.
- Author
-
NGUYEN, T.V., MAUEL, J., ETGES, R.J., BOUVIER, J., and BORDIER, C.
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Identification of Neospora antigens recognized by CD4[sup +] T cells and immune sera from experimentally infected cattle.
- Author
-
MARKS, JOANNE, LUNDÉN, ANNA, HARKINS, DAVID, INNES, ELISABETH, and Marks, Joanne
- Subjects
CELLULAR immunity ,VACCINES - Abstract
Neospora caninum is recognized as a major cause of infectious abortion in cattle. Very little is known about immunity to Neospora. Cell mediated responses have previously been shown to be important in the development of protective immunity to the closely related parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and may therefore be an important component in the immune response to Neospora. In this paper we report that a group of low molecular weight NC1 strain tachyzoite antigens (≤ 30 kDa) separated by SDS PAGE and bound to nitrocellulose membrane stimulated proliferation in vitro of CD4
+ T cells from calves experimentally infected with N. caninum. Proliferation was accompanied by production of high concentrations of IFNγ. Several of these antigens were also recognized by antibody produced in these animals. As the most effective vaccines require the stimulation of both humoral and cell mediated immune responses, these antigens may be important in the development of a vaccine against neosporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Oral administration of helminth fluid modulates distinct tuft cell and immune‐metabolic cues linked to reduced body fat.
- Author
-
Andersen, Daniel, Moll, Janne Marie, Arora, Pankaj, Danneskiold‐Samsøe, Niels Banhos, Sonne, Si Brask, Workman, Christopher Thomas, Williams, Andrew Richard, Kristiansen, Karsten, and Brix, Susanne
- Subjects
ORAL drug administration ,ADIPOSE tissues ,ORGANIC cation transporters ,WHITE adipose tissue ,ASCARIS suum ,FAT ,INNATE lymphoid cells - Abstract
Intestinal tuft cells have been shown to induce type 2 immune responses during viable parasite infections, but whether oral supplementation with a parasitic exudate is able to promote type 2 immune responses that have been shown to positively regulate obesogenic metabolic processes is yet unresolved. High‐fat fed mice were gavaged with pseudocoelomic fluid (PCF) derived from the helminth Ascaris suum or saline thrice a week during weeks 5–9, followed by examination of intestinal tuft cell activity, immune, and metabolic parameters. Helminth PCF upregulated expression of distinct genes in small intestinal tuft cells, including genes involved in regulation of RUNX1 and organic cation transporters. Helminth PCF also enhanced levels of innate lymphoid cells in the ileum, and eosinophils in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Network analyses revealed two distinct immunometabolic cues affected by oral helminth PCF in high‐fat fed mice: one coupling the small intestinal tuft cell responses to the fat‐to‐lean mass ratio and a second coupling eosinophils in eWAT to general regulation of body fat mass. Our findings point to specific mechanisms by which oral supplementation with helminth PCF may translate into systems‐wide effects linking to reduced body and fat mass gain in mice during high‐fat feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Development of a novel immunoFET technology‐based POC assay for detection of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania major.
- Author
-
Yentur Doni, Nebiye, Bertani, Paul J., Volpedo, Greta, Saljoughian, Noushin, Varikuti, Sanjay, Matlashewski, Greg, Lu, Wu, and Satoskar, Abhay R.
- Subjects
LEISHMANIA ,LEISHMANIA donovani ,LEISHMANIA major ,ALUMINUM gallium nitride ,FIELD-effect transistors ,GALLIUM nitride ,FREEZE-thaw cycles - Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered as one of the 20 neglected tropical diseases. Current methods of leishmanial diagnosis depend on conventional laboratory‐based techniques, which are time‐consuming, costly and require special equipment and trained personnel. In this context, we aimed to provide an immuno field effect transistors (ImmunoFET) biosensor that matches the conventional standards for point‐of‐care (POC) monitoring and detection of Leishmania (L.) donovani/Leishmania major. Crude antigens prepared by repeated freeze thawing of L. donovani/L. major stationary phase promastigotes were used for ELISA and ImmunoFETs. Lesishmania‐specific antigens were serially diluted in 1× PBS from a concentration of 106–102 parasites/mL. A specific polyclonal antibody‐based sandwich ELISA was established for the detection of Leishmania antigens. An immunoFET technology‐based POC novel assay was constructed for the detection of Leishmania antigens. Interactions between antigen–antibody at the gate surface generate an electrical signal that can be measured by semiconductor field‐effect principles. Sensitivity was considered and measured as the change in current divided by the initial current. The final L. donovani/L. major crude antigen protein concentrations were measured as 1.50 mg/mL. Sandwich ELISA against the Leishmania 40S ribosomal protein detected Leishmania antigens could detect as few as 100 L. donovani/L. major parasites. An immunoFET biosensor was constructed based on the optimization of aluminium gallium nitride/gallium nitride (AlGaN/GaN) surface oxidation methods. The device surface was composed by an AlGaN/GaN wafer with a 23 nm AlGaN barrier layer, a 2 μm GaN layer on the silicon carbide (SiC) substrate for Leishmania binding, and coated with a specific antibody against the Leishmania 40S ribosomal protein, which was successfully detected at concentrations from 106 to 102 parasites/mL in 1× PBS. At the concentration of 104 parasites, the immunoFETs device sensitivities were 13% and 0.052% in the sub‐threshold regime and the saturation regime, respectively. Leishmania parasites were successfully detected by the ImmunoFET biosensor at a diluted concentration as low as 150 ng/mL. In this study, the developed ImmunoFET biosensor performed well. ImmunoFET biosensors can be used as an alternative diagnostic method to ELISA. Increasing the sensitivity and optimization of immuno‐FET biosensors might allow earlier and faster detection of leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. CD193 (CCR3) expression by B cells correlates with reduced IgE production in paediatric schistosomiasis.
- Author
-
Onkanga, I. O., Sang, H., Hamilton, R., Ondigo, B. N., Jaoko, W., Odiere, M. R., and Ganley‐Leal, L.
- Subjects
B cells ,SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,PEDIATRICS ,T cells ,GRANULOCYTES ,CHEMOKINE receptors - Abstract
We demonstrate that CD193, the eotaxin receptor, is highly expressed on circulating B cells in paediatric schistosomiasis mansoni. CD193 plays a role in directing granulocytes into sites of allergic‐like inflammation in the mucosa, but little is known about its functional significance on human B cells. We sought to characterize CD193 expression and its relationship with S. mansoni infection. We found that CD193+ B cells increased with the intensity of schistosome infection. In addition, a significant negative association was observed between CD193 expression by B cells and IgE production. Decreased IgE levels are generally associated with susceptibility to re‐infection. B cell stimulation with eotaxin‐1 increased CD193 levels whereas IL‐4 led to a reduction. This was supported by plasma levels of eotaxin‐1 correlating with CD193 levels on B cells and other cells. In contrast, CD193 expression was induced on naive B cells with a combination of IL‐10 and schistosome antigens. Whereas T cells had a modest increase in CD193 expression, only B cell CD193 appeared functionally chemotactic to eotaxin‐1. Thus, CD193+ B cells, which co‐express CXCR5, may be enroute to sites with allergic‐like inflammation, such as gastrointestinal follicles, or even to Th2 granulomas, which develop around parasite eggs. Overall, our results suggest that schistosome infection may promote CD193 expression and suppress IgE via IL‐10 and other undefined mechanisms related to B cell trafficking. This study adds to our understanding of why young children may have poor immunity. Nonetheless, praziquantel treatment was shown to reduce percentages of circulating CD193+ B cells lending hope for future vaccine efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Emerging and re‐emerging fungal threats in Africa.
- Author
-
Dangarembizi, Rachael, Wasserman, Sean, and Hoving, Jennifer Claire
- Subjects
OPPORTUNISTIC infections ,MEDICAL quality control ,MYCOSES ,HIV ,CRYPTOCOCCUS neoformans - Abstract
The emergence of deadly fungal infections in Africa is primarily driven by a disproportionately high burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, lack of access to quality health care, and the unavailability of effective antifungal drugs. Immunocompromised people in Africa are therefore at high risk of infection from opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii, which are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and related socioeconomic impacts. Other emerging fungal threats include Emergomyces spp., Histoplasma spp., Blastomyces spp., and healthcare‐associated multi‐drug resistant Candida auris. Socioeconomic development and the Covid‐19 pandemic may influence shifts in epidemiology of invasive fungal diseases on the continent. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and current management strategies available for these emerging fungal diseases in Africa. We also discuss gaps in knowledge, policy, and research to inform future efforts at managing these fungal threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Different inoculum of Leishmania braziliensis concentrations influence immunopathogenesis and clinical evolution in the ear dermis hamster model of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
- Author
-
de Paula Freire, Rafaelle, Fonseca, Francisco Rafael Marciano, de Castro, Naya Lúcia Rodrigues, Lima, Carrel Xavier Martins, Ribeiro‐Romão, Raquel Peralva, Cavalcante, Diane Isabelle Magno, Teixeira, Clarissa Romero, Gomes, Regis, Da‐Cruz, Alda Maria, and Teixeira, Maria Jania
- Subjects
LEISHMANIASIS ,CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis ,GOLDEN hamster ,DERMIS ,HAMSTERS ,EAR ,LEISHMANIA - Abstract
The golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is commonly used as a promising model for Leishmania braziliensis infection developing skin‐ulcerated lesions. However, different protocols using high concentration of parasites inoculated in the footpad result in severe clinical disease. Here, we further investigate the outcome of the site of infection and concentration of L. braziliensis parasites inoculated on the immunopathogenesis and clinical evolution. Initially, hamsters were infected in the ear dermis or hind footpad with a concentration of 1 × 105 parasites. Animals infected in the ear dermis developed a disease, with an increased parasite load that more closely resembled human cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions comparing to the group infected in the footpad. Next, we evaluated if different parasite concentrations (104, 105 and 106) inoculated in the ear dermis would impact the course and clinical aspects of infection. Hamsters infected with 104 and 105 parasites developed mild lesions compared to the group infected with 106 that presented severe and persistent lesions. The parasite load varied between the different parasite concentrations. The inflammatory response was more intense when infection was initiated with 106 parasites accompanied by an increased initial expression of IL‐4, IL‐10 and arginase in the lymph node followed by expression of both pro‐and anti‐inflammatory cytokines comparing to groups infected with 104 and 105 parasites. In conclusion, the number of parasites inoculated, and the initial site of infection could influence the inflammatory response, and clinical presentation. Our results suggest that the ear dermis infection model induces a chronic disease that relates to immunopathological aspects of CL natural infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‐fibrotic and schistosomicidal properties of plumbagin in murine schistosomiasis.
- Author
-
Bakery, Heba H., Allam, Gamal A., Abuelsaad, Abdelaziz S. A., Abdel‐Latif, Mahmoud, Elkenawy, Ayman E., and Khalil, Rehab G.
- Subjects
PLUMBAGIN ,WEIGHT loss ,SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,INTERLEUKIN-37 - Abstract
Schistosomiasis is still a major health problem affecting nearly 250 million people worldwide and causes approximately 280,000 deaths per year. The disease causes a serious granulomatous inflammatory response that produces significant mortality. Plumbagin reportedly displays anti‐inflammatory, anti‐fibrotic, antioxidant and anthelmintic properties. This study further elucidates these properties. Mice were infected with schistosomes and divided into five groups: non‐infected untreated (C); infected untreated (IU); non‐infected treated with plumbagin (P); infected treated with plumbagin (PI) and infected treated with praziquantel (PZ). Mice treated with 20 mg plumbagin/kg body weight showed reduction of 64.28% and 59.88% in male and female animals, respectively. Also, the number of eggs/g tissue was reduced 69.39%, 68.79% and 69.11% in liver, intestine and liver/intestine combined, respectively. Plumbagin alleviated schistosome‐induced hepatosplenomegaly and reduced hepatic granuloma and liver collagen content by 62.5% and 35.26%, respectively while PZQ reduced hepatic granuloma and liver collagen content by 41.11% and 11.21%, respectively. Further, plumbagin treatment significantly (p <.001) reduced IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐17, IL‐37, IFN‐γ, TGF‐β and TNF‐α levels and significantly (p <.001) upregulated IL‐10. Plumbagin treatment restored hepatic enzymes activity to nearly normal levels and induced an increase in catalase, SOD, GSH, total thiol and GST in liver tissue homogenate. NO and LPO content was, however, decreased. Moreover, serum IgG levels significantly increased. The present study is the first to report immunomodulatory and schistosomicidal activities of plumbagin in schistosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Leishmania LiHyC protein is immunogenic and induces protection against visceral leishmaniasis.
- Author
-
Machado, Amanda S., Lage, Daniela P., Vale, Danniele L., Freitas, Camila S., Linhares, Flávia P., Cardoso, Jamille M. O., Oliveira‐da‐Silva, João A., Pereira, Isabela A. G., Ramos, Fernanda F., Tavares, Grasiele S. V., Ludolf, Fernanda, Bandeira, Raquel S., Maia, Luiz G. N., Menezes‐Souza, Daniel, Duarte, Mariana C., Chávez‐Fumagalli, Miguel A., Roatt, Bruno M., Christodoulides, Myron, Martins, Vívian T., and Coelho, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz
- Subjects
VISCERAL leishmaniasis ,MACROPHAGE colony-stimulating factor ,LEISHMANIASIS ,GRANULOCYTE-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ,RECOMBINANT proteins ,LEISHMANIA ,LEISHMANIA infantum - Abstract
Treatment against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) presents problems by the toxicity of drugs, high cost and/or emergence of resistant strains. The diagnosis is hampered by variable sensitivity and/or specificity of tests. In this context, prophylactic vaccination could represent a control measure against disease. In this study, the protective efficacy of Leishmania LiHyC protein was evaluated in a murine model against Leishmania infantum infection. LiHyC was used as recombinant protein (rLiHyC) associated with saponin (rLiHyC/S) or Poloxamer 407‐based polymeric micelles (rLiHyC/M) to immunize mice. Animals received also saline, saponin or empty micelles as controls. The immunogenicity was evaluated before and after the challenge, and results showed that vaccination with rLiHyC/S or rLiHyC/M induced the production of high levels of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), interleukin (IL)‐12 and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor in cell culture supernatants, as well as higher IFN‐γ expression evaluated by RT‐qPCR and involvement from CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell subtypes producing IFN‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α and IL‐2. A positive lymphoproliferative response was also found in cell cultures from vaccinated animals, besides high levels of rLiHyC‐ and parasite‐specific nitrite and IgG2a antibodies. Immunological assays correlated with significant reductions in the parasite load in the spleens, livers, bone marrows and draining lymph nodes from vaccinated mice, when compared to values found in the controls. The micellar composition showed slightly better immunological and parasitological data, as compared to rLiHyC/S. Results suggest that rLiHyC associated with adjuvants could be considered for future studies as a vaccine candidate against VL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Isolation and identification of sporozoite membrane protein of Cryptosporidium parvum and evaluation of calmodulin‐like protein immune protection.
- Author
-
Huang, Yan, Chen, Yu, Liu, Yuxuan, Mi, Rongsheng, Han, Xiangan, Gong, Haiyan, Cheng, Long, and Chen, Zhaoguo
- Subjects
MEMBRANE proteins ,CRYPTOSPORIDIUM parvum ,CALMODULIN ,RECOMBINANT proteins ,CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS ,PROTEINS - Abstract
Until now, no completely effective parasite‐specific drugs or vaccines have been approved for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Through the separation and identification of the sporozoite membrane protein of Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), 20 related proteins were obtained. Among them, a calmodulin‐like protein (CML) has a similar functional domain‐exchange factor hand (EF‐hand) motif as calmodulin proteins (CaMs), so it may play a similarly important role in the invasion process. A 663 bp full gene encoding the C. parvum calmodulin‐like protein (CpCML) was inserted in pET28a vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. An immunofluorescence assay showed that CpCML was mainly located on the surface of the sporozoites. Three‐week‐old female BALB/c mice were used for modelling the immunoreactions and immunoprotection of recombinant CpCML (rCpCML) against artificial Cryptosporidium tyzzeri infections. The results indicated a significantly increased in anti‐CpCML antibody response, which was induced by the immunized recombinant protein. Compared to rP23 (recombinant P23), GST6P‐1 (expressed by pGEX‐6P‐1 transfected E. coli), GST4T‐1 (expressed by pGEX‐4T‐1 transfected E. coli), glutathione (GSH), adjuvant and blank control groups, rCpCML‐immunized mice produced specific spleen cell proliferation in addition to different production levels of IL‐2, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐4 and IL‐5. Additionally, immunization with rCpCML led to 34.08% reduction of oocyst shedding in C. tyzzeri infected mice faeces which was similar to rP23. These results suggest that CpCML may be developed as a potential vaccine candidate antigen against cryptosporidiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Hookworm infections: Reappraising the evidence for a role of neutrophils in light of NETosis.
- Author
-
Doolan, Rory and Bouchery, Tiffany
- Subjects
HOOKWORMS ,DEVELOPMENTAL biology ,NEUTROPHILS ,SOFT tissue injuries - Abstract
In Hookworm infection, neutrophils have long had the image of the villain, being recruited to the site of larval migration because of damage but participating themselves in tissue injury. With recent developments in neutrophil biology, there is an increasing body of evidence for the role of neutrophils as effector cells in hookworm immunity. In particular, their ability to release extracellular traps, or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), confer neutrophils a larvicidal activity. Here, we review recent evidence in this nascent field and discuss the avenue for future research on NETs/hookworm interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Neutrophils and schistosomiasis: a missing piece in pathology.
- Author
-
Sanches, Rodrigo C. O., Mambelli, Fábio, and Oliveira, Sergio C.
- Subjects
SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,NEUTROPHILS ,SCHISTOSOMA mansoni ,SCHISTOSOMA japonicum ,PATHOLOGY - Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic human parasitic disease that causes serious health problems worldwide. The disease‐associated liver pathology is one of the hallmarks of infections by Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum, and is accountable for the debilitating condition found in infected patients. In the past few years, investigative studies have highlighted the key role played by neutrophils and the influence of inflammasome signalling pathway in different pathological conditions. However, it is noteworthy that the study of inflammasome activation in neutrophils has been overlooked by reports concerning macrophages and monocytes. This interplay between neutrophils and inflammasomes is much more poorly investigated during schistosomiasis. Herein, we reviewed the role of neutrophils during schistosomiasis and addressed the potential connection between these cells and inflammasome activation in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Microbiota, parasites and immunity.
- Author
-
Allen, J. E.
- Subjects
MICROBIAL ecology ,COMMENSALISM ,AUTOIMMUNE diseases ,PARASITIC diseases ,PROTOZOAN diseases ,HELMINTHIASIS ,IMMUNE system ,HEALTH outcome assessment - Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas.
- Author
-
Mkhize‐Kwitshana, Zilungile Lynette, Naidoo, Pragalathan, Nkwanyana, Ntombifikile M., and Mabaso, Musawenkosi L. H.
- Subjects
SOUTH Africans ,HELMINTHIASIS ,SQUATTER settlements ,RURAL population ,POOR people ,ALLERGIES ,RURAL geography ,RHINITIS - Abstract
This study investigated whether prior exposure to helminths (Ascaris IgE, Ascaris eggs and Trichuris eggs) either in childhood or in adulthood, and residence in rural and resource‐limited urban areas influence allergy outcomes (asthma, rhinitis, IgE atopy and food allergy) in a South African population. Participants historical and present allergies data were collected through questionnaires and clinical record files. Coproscopy and immunoassays (ImmunoCAPTM Phadiatop, total IgE and allergen‐specific fx3 IgE immunoassays and Ascaris IgE radioallergosorbent [RAST] tests) were used for active helminthiasis and allergy screens respectively. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis, and models were adjusted for age, gender and locality. High Ascaris IgE was significantly associated with asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.20, p =.047), IgE atopy (aOR = 18.18, p <.0001) and food allergy (aOR = 14.47, p <.0001). Asthma was significantly less likely among participants with Ascaris eggs (aOR = 0.43, p =.048) and Trichuris eggs (aOR = 0.36, p =.024). The findings of co‐occurrent helminthiasis and allergic disorders in a population that has resided both in rural and peri‐urban informal settlements both oppose and agree with two main notions of the hygiene hypothesis that (i) individuals residing in rural settings with poor sanitation and geohelminth infection are less prone to allergy, and (ii) helminth infections protect against allergy respectively. Further research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Introduction to biological rhythms: A brief history of chronobiology and its relevance to parasite immunology.
- Subjects
BIOLOGICAL rhythms ,CHRONOBIOLOGY ,SLEEP-wake cycle ,PARASITES ,CIRCADIAN rhythms ,IMMUNOLOGY ,DRUG administration ,RHYTHM - Abstract
Almost every living organism on earth is exposed to a fluctuating environment, for example, light:dark cycles, food availability and seasonal photoperiods. Most species have therefore evolved internal timing mechanisms allowing them to anticipate these rhythmic environmental changes, obtaining a survival advantage. Circadian (24 h) rhythms, in particular, regulate multiple aspects of physiology, including sleep/wake activity, feeding rhythms and immune function. Recent studies have identified circadian rhythms in symptoms of parasite infections, rhythms in parasite schizogony and evidence that certain parasites can manipulate host rhythms. Furthermore, efficacy of anti‐parasite medications can also be modulated by timing of drug administration. Understanding the interactions between host rhythms, parasite rhythms and disease severity is crucial to fully understand how to combat infections and reduce pathology. The aim of this review is, therefore, to provide an introduction to the field of biological rhythms, give a brief history of chronobiology research and discuss the relevance of biological rhythms to parasite immunology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Non‐lethal rodent malarial infection prevents collagen‐induced arthritis in mice via anti‐arthritic immunomodulation.
- Author
-
Gaballah, Eman M., Morita, Kentaro, Shimizu, Shoichi, Elhenawy, Abeer A., Nabih, Nairmen, Elsawey, Aliaa M., Abdel‐Mageed, Salama A., and Osada, Yoshio
- Subjects
COLLAGEN-induced arthritis ,IMMUNOREGULATION ,REGULATORY T cells ,PLASMODIUM yoelii ,PARASITIC diseases ,MALARIA - Abstract
Aims: Immunomodulatory effects of parasitic infections on the outcomes of allergic or autoimmune disorders have been addressed in many experimental studies. We examined the effects of Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL (Py) infection on collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). Methods and Results: Male DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (IIC). Py inoculation was induced at three different time points (1, 4 weeks after or 4 weeks before the immunization). Only the inoculation at 4 weeks after IIC immunization significantly inhibited arthritis development. Non‐malarial anaemia induced by phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHZ) did not affect arthritis development. In the infected mice, anti‐IIC IgG levels were transiently reduced. In addition, splenic production of pro‐arthritic cytokines (IL‐17 and TNF‐α) and IFN‐γ decreased, whereas IL‐10 production increased. Flow cytometric analysis clarified that the main IL‐10 producers in Py‐infected mice had the CD4+CD25–Foxp3– phenotype, presumably Tr1 cells. Conclusion: We demonstrated that experimental malarial infection alleviated autoimmune arthritis via immunomodulation, suggesting the importance of malaria in the hygiene hypothesis and the significance of searching for therapeutic immunomodulatory molecules from malarial parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Evaluation of systemic immunity in atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi.
- Author
-
Laurenti, Márcia Dalastra, Sosa‐Ochoa, Wilfredo, Araujo Flores, Gabriela Venicia, Sandoval Pacheco, Carmen Maria, Tomokane, Thaise Yumie, Oliveira, Luanda Mara da Silva, Zúniga, Concepción, Silveira, Fernando Tobias, and Corbett, Carlos Eduardo Pereira
- Subjects
LEISHMANIASIS ,CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis ,IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ,HUMORAL immunity ,VISCERAL leishmaniasis ,CELLULAR immunity ,IMMUNITY - Abstract
In some central‐American countries, Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection can cause non‐ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) in addition to the classic clinical form, visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Little is known about the host‐parasite relationship that can contribute to the determination of one or another clinical form. The present study had the objective to evaluate the humoral and cellular immunity in the sera of individuals affected by NUCL to improve the comprehension of this atypical host‐parasite interaction. Based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis, serum of 80 individuals was collected to evaluate the cytokines and immunoglobulins profile of NUCL (n = 47), VL patients (n = 5), and negative controls (n = 28). Cytokines were detected using Cytokine Bead Array (CBA) Human Th1/Th2/Th17 kit according to the manufacturer's instructions; class (IgG and IgM), and subclass of (IgG1 and IgG2) immunoglobulins was evaluated by ELISA using specific antigens. The concentration of TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐2 and IL‐4 cytokines in NUCL, VL and control was present below the detection threshold of CBA kit. IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐17A cytokines was lower in NUCL compared to LV patients. Regarding to immunoglobulins, NUCL patients produced 4.0 times more IgG than the control, while VL patients produced 6.6 times more; and IgM level was 1.6 times higher in NUCL and 2.6 times in VL patients compared to the control. Concerning the immunoglobulins subclass, only VL patients showed positive reaction for IgG1, and IgG2 did not show positive reaction among the groups. The results showed a weak cellular and humoral systemic immune response in NUCL patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil.
- Author
-
Oliveira, Luciana M., Oliveira, Yvanna L. D. C., Oliveira, Yrna L. M., Ramos, Anne Caroline S., Andrade, Gabriela F., Sá, Vitor L., Geraldi, Ricardo M., Pinheiro, Carina S., Bueno, Lilian L., Fujiwara, Ricardo T., and Dolabella, Silvio S.
- Subjects
INTESTINAL parasites ,HELMINTHIASIS ,PARASITES ,PARASITIC diseases ,INTESTINES ,MIXED infections ,HELMINTHS ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Interactions between parasites during co‐infections are often complex and can impact immunization and treatment programmes, as well as disease outcomes and morbidity. However, little is known about these interactions and the mechanisms involved. In this study, a coproparasitological survey was carried out in school‐age children living in endemic areas of parasitic infection in the state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. Anti‐helminth‐specific and total secretory immunoglobulin‐A (SIgA) levels were measured in stool and saliva samples and were compared in children presenting monoparasitism, polyparasitism (helminths and/or intestinal protozoa) and no infections. The survey showed that protozoa were more prevalent than helminths, and that there was a high frequency of polyparasitism in the studied population, mainly from combinations of protozoan species. Although less frequent, combinations between species of protozoa and helminths were also observed. The levels of salivary SIgA in these co‐infected individuals were lower than the average observed in infections with helminths alone. Although the children participating in this survey were asymptomatic, and it was, therefore, not possible to evaluate the impact of salivary SIgA reduction on the diseases, and the study highlights the need for further investigations of co‐infections by intestinal parasites and the effects on immune response induced by the interactions between different parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Extracellular vesicles of Echinococcus granulosus have therapeutic effects in allergic airway inflammation.
- Author
-
Jeong, Mi Jin, Kang, Shin Ae, Choi, Jun Ho, Lee, Da In, and Yu, Hak Sun
- Subjects
EXTRACELLULAR vesicles ,ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,AIRWAY (Anatomy) ,REGULATORY T cells ,VESICLES (Cytology) ,ANIMAL models of inflammation ,LUNGS - Abstract
Background: Previous studies have shown that Echinococcus granulosus cystic fluid can alleviate Th2 allergic airway inflammatory responses by increasing the number of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+T (regulatory T; Treg) cells. Parasite‐derived extracellular vesicles (EV) are known to not only promote parasite infection by communicating between parasites but also regulate the inflammatory response by acting as an immunomodulatory agent in the host. Methods: To evaluate the effect of EV extracted from the cystic fluid of E. granulosus on allergic airway inflammation, gene expression was investigated after administering EV to mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE‐12) following 2 h of pretreatment with Aspergillus proteins. An allergic airway inflammation animal model was used to investigate the regulation of the inflammatory response by EV and induced with ovalbumin. Results: EV treatment significantly reduced airway resistance and the number of eosinophils and other immune cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and Th2‐ and Th17‐related cytokine levels. EV pretreatment decreased the number of IL‐4+CD4+T cells and increased the number of Treg cells in the lung‐draining lymph nodes and spleen. Conclusions: Echinococcus granulosus cystic fluid derived EV ameliorated Th2 allergic airway inflammatory through Treg cells, similar to whole cystic fluid treatment. Thus, EV may be important immunomodulatory molecules in cystic fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Higher frequency of circulating Vδ1 γδT cells in patients with advanced schistosomiasis.
- Author
-
Zheng, Li, Wang, Lixia, Hu, Yuan, Yi, Jia, Wan, Lun, Shen, Yujuan, Liu, Si, Zhou, Xiaorong, and Cao, Jianping
- Subjects
SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,NATURAL immunity ,SCHISTOSOMA japonicum - Abstract
Gamma‐delta (γδ) T cells are the bridge between natural and adaptive immunity. In the present study, peripheral blood was collected from 13 patients with advanced schistosomiasis (schistosomiasis group) and 13 uninfected people (control group) to investigate the γδ T cells and their subtypes in human schistosomiasis. Compared with the control group, the proportion of Vδ1 cells and CD27+Vδ1+ cells in the schistosomiasis group increased significantly, while CD27− cells and CD27−Vδ1− cells decreased. Only the level of IL‐17A differed between the groups, being significantly decreased in the schistosomiasis group. In the schistosomiasis group, there were no correlations between the liver fibrosis and subsets of γδ T cells, or the level of cytokines. Additionally, the level of IL‐17A correlated positively with the proportion of CD27− Vδ1− cells. Thus, there was a higher frequency of circulating Vδ1 γδT cells in patients with advanced schistosomiasis. The decreased IL‐17A might be related to the reduction in CD27−Vδ1− cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Transcriptional profiling of Microtus fortis responses to S. japonicum: New sight into Mf‐Hsp90α resistance mechanism.
- Author
-
Xiong, Dehui, Luo, Saiqun, Wu, Kunlu, Yu, Yuanjing, Sun, Jiameng, Wang, Yanpeng, Hu, Jingping, and Hu, Weixin
- Subjects
MICROTUS ,HEAT shock proteins ,PARASITIC diseases ,SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,SCHISTOSOMA japonicum - Abstract
Aims: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease with a chronic debilitating character caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. The main disease‐causing species of Schistosoma in China is S. japonicum. M fortis has been proved to be a nonpermissive host of S. japonicum. Mf‐HSP90α (Microtus fortis heat shock protein 90alpha), the homologue of HSP90α, display anti‐schistosome effect in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, in order to investigate the mechanism of anti‐schistosome effect of Mf‐HSP90α, we conducted RNA‐Seq to obtain the transcriptome profile of M. fortis liver infected with S. japonicum at different time points. Methods and Results: By mapping the differential expressed genes (DEGs) to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), we found that the JAK2/STAT1 pathway was highly enriched with an elevated level of IL‐10 and HSP90α. We then checked the IL‐10‐JAK2/STAT1‐HSP90α pathway, and found that this pathway was activated in the infected mice with S. japonicum. The expression of the molecules in this pathway was elevated on the 10th day after infection and gradually decreased on the 20th day. Conclusions: The IL‐10‐JAK2/STAT1‐HSP90α axis was associated with the anti‐schistosome effect of Mf‐HSP90α, and targeting IL‐10‐JAK2/STAT1‐HSP90α axis might be a novel therapeutic strategy for developing resistance to S. japonicum infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Wild Immunology.
- Author
-
Bradley, J. E.
- Subjects
IMMUNOLOGY ,PERIODICAL publishing ,PUBLISHING ,IMMUNOLOGY periodicals ,PERIODICAL articles - Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Festschrift for Neil Brown: 22 November, 1994.
- Author
-
Targett, G.A.T.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Association between bed bugs and allergic reactions.
- Author
-
Sheele, Johnathan M.
- Subjects
BEDBUGS ,ALLERGIES ,ALBUTEROL ,ODDS ratio ,DIAGNOSIS ,ANTIALLERGIC agents - Abstract
Aims: To evaluate whether bed bugs are associated with allergic reactions in patients seen in the emergency department (ED). Methods and Results: This retrospective study included data from 9 EDs in Ohio between February 2011 and February 2017. The study comprised 332 patients with bed bug infestation matched 1:15 with 4952 control patients without bed bugs on the basis of age, sex and the presenting ED. Compared with uninfested patients, patients infested with bed bugs were more likely to have an ED or inpatient diagnosis of pruritus, hives or urticaria (odds ratio [OR], 9.12 [95% CI, 3.41‐24.42]) and to be treated in the ED with an antihistamine (OR, 3.20 [95% CI, 1.87‐5.50]) or albuterol (OR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.07‐2.36]) (P ≤.02 for all). There were no significant differences in the rates of anaphylaxis and angioedema diagnosed in patients with and without bed bugs, which occurred in <1% in both groups. Conclusion: Bed bug–infested patients are more likely to be diagnosed and treated for itchy cutaneous rashes, but are not clearly associated with more severe allergic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Advancement in our understanding of immune response against Encephalitozoon infection.
- Author
-
Aseeja, Praisy, Shaikh, Yasmin, Bajpai, Anamika, Sirsikar, Prachitee, and Kalra, Sonali K.
- Subjects
IMMUNE response ,CELLULAR immunity ,NATURAL immunity ,IMMUNE system ,MICROSPORIDIA - Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of obligate, intracellular, spore‐forming eukaryotic pathogens, which predominantly infects immunocompromised individuals worldwide. Encephalitozoon spp. is one of the most prevalent microsporidia known to infect humans. Host immune system plays a major role in combating pathogens including Encephalitozoon spp. infecting humans. Both innate and adaptive arms of host immune system work together in combating Encephalitozoon infection. Researchers are conducting studies to elucidate the role of both arms of immune system against Encephalitozoon infection. In addition to cell‐mediated adaptive immunity, role of innate immunity is also being highlighted in clearance of Encephalitozoon spp. from host body. Therefore, the current review will give a clear and consolidated update on the role of innate as well as adaptive immunity in protection against Encephalitozoon spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.