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Abstract The male of Philometroides acreanensis , parasitic in the anterior intestine external wall of the freshwater catfish Pimelodus blochii , from the Brazilian Amazon, is described for the first time. Additional data on the morphology of females is given. The new morphological data strengthened the validity of the species as well as its first genetic characterization, using three nuclear genetic markers (18S and 28S of the rDNA and ITS1-58S-ITS2), confirmed the high genetic resemblance of male and female specimens. Philometroides acreanensis shows morphological features of the generic diagnosis of Neophilometroides , Alinema , Philometra and Philometroides. Phylogenetic analyses using sequences of the18S rDNA from representatives of Dracunculoidea confirmed the validity of P. acreanensis and its close relatedness with Alinema rather than with other genera. The validity of Philonemidae was confirmed, as was the monophyly of Philometridae and Clavinema. However, Dentiphilometra , Philometra and Philometroides appear not to be monophyletic. Host taxa, habitat and geographic occurrence seem to have some relationship with the evolutionary traits of certain phylogenetic assemblages of philometrids, which were highly supported in the phylogentic reconstructions. Even though interesting aspects of the phylogeny and taxonomy of Philometridae came to light, further integrative approaches should be used that include additional genetic markers, due to the loose boundaries between some genera as observed here. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • P. acreanensis shows generic features of both Neophilometroides and Philometroides. • P. acreanensis male resembles those of A. amazonicum, the phylogeny showed their proximity. • The validity of Philonemidae and the monophyly of Philometridae were confirmed. • Artificiality of some genera within Philometridae was reinforced. • Some phylogentic assemblages shared traits on host taxa, locality and habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]