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1. Assessing Onchocerca volvulus Intensity of Infection and Genetic Diversity Using Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing of Single Microfilariae Obtained before and after Ivermectin Treatment

Author

Hedtke, Shannon M., primary, Choi, Young-Jun, additional, Kode, Anusha, additional, Chalasani, Gowtam C., additional, Sirwani, Neha, additional, Jada, Stephen R., additional, Hotterbeekx, An, additional, Mandro, Michel, additional, Siewe Fodjo, Joseph N., additional, Amambo, Glory Ngongeh, additional, Abong, Raphael A., additional, Wanji, Samuel, additional, Kuesel, Annette C., additional, Colebunders, Robert, additional, Mitreva, Makedonka, additional, and Grant, Warwick N., additional

Published
2023
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5. Correction: Dusabimana et al. Surveillance for Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy and Ov16 IgG4 Testing of Children 6–10 Years Old Should Be Used to Identify Areas Where Onchocerciasis Elimination Programs Need Strengthening. Pathogens 2022, 11, 281

Author

Dusabimana, Alfred, primary, Siewe Fodjo, Joseph Nelson, additional, Ndahura, Michel Mandro, additional, Mmbando, Bruno P., additional, Jada, Stephen Raimon, additional, Boven, Annelies, additional, De Smet, Eric, additional, Ukety, Tony, additional, Njamnshi, Alfred K., additional, Laudisoit, Anne, additional, Abrams, Steven, additional, and Colebunders, Robert, additional

Published
2022
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7. Surveillance for Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy and OV16 IgG4 Testing of Children 6–10 Years Old Should Be Used to Identify Areas Where Onchocerciasis Elimination Programs Need Strengthening

Author

Dusabimana, Alfred, primary, Siewe Fodjo, Joseph Nelson, additional, Ndahura, Michel Mandro, additional, Mmbando, Bruno P., additional, Jada, Stephen Raimon, additional, Boven, Annelies, additional, De Smet, Eric, additional, Ukety, Tony, additional, Njamnshi, Alfred K., additional, Laudisoit, Anne, additional, Abrams, Steven, additional, and Colebunders, Robert, additional

Published
2022
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9. Risk Factors for Nodding Syndrome and Other Forms of Epilepsy in Northern Uganda: A Case-Control Study

Author

Gumisiriza, Nolbert, primary, Kugler, Marina, additional, Brusselaers, Nele, additional, Mubiru, Frank, additional, Anguzu, Ronald, additional, Ningwa, Albert, additional, Ogwang, Rodney, additional, Akun, Pamela, additional, Mwaka, Amos Deogratius, additional, Abbo, Catherine, additional, Sekibira, Rogers, additional, Hotterbeekx, An, additional, Colebunders, Robert, additional, Marsh, Kevin, additional, and Idro, Richard, additional

Published
2021
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12. No Evidence Known Viruses Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. An Explorative Metagenomic Case-Control Study

Author

Roach, Michael, primary, Cantu, Adrian, additional, Vieri, Melissa Krizia, additional, Cotten, Matthew, additional, Kellam, Paul, additional, Phan, My, additional, Hoek, Lia van der, additional, Mandro, Michel, additional, Tepage, Floribert, additional, Mambandu, Germain, additional, Musinya, Gisele, additional, Laudisoit, Anne, additional, Colebunders, Robert, additional, Edwards, Robert, additional, and Mokili, John L., additional

Published
2021
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15. Onchocerciasis Prevalence among Persons with Epilepsy in an Onchocerciasis Hypo-Endemic Area in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Hotterbeekx, An, primary, Verdonck, Kristien, additional, Mukendi, Deby, additional, Lilo-Kalo, Jean-Roger, additional, Lutumba, Pascal, additional, Boelaert, Marleen, additional, Hardy, Liselotte, additional, Barbé, Barbara, additional, Jacobs, Jan, additional, Bottieau, Emmanuel, additional, and Colebunders, Robert, additional

Published
2021
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24. Focus of Ongoing Onchocerciasis Transmission Close to Bangui, Central African Republic

Author

de Smet, Eric, primary, Metanmo, Salvatore, additional, Mbelesso, Pascal, additional, Kemata, Benoit, additional, Siewe Fodjo, Joseph N., additional, Boumédiène, Farid, additional, Ekwoge, Hilda T., additional, Yangatimbi, Emmanuel, additional, Ajzenberg, Daniel, additional, Badibanga, Orphee, additional, Preux, Pierre-Marie, additional, and Colebunders, Robert, additional

Published
2020
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25. Single versus Multiple Dose Ivermectin Regimen in Onchocerciasis-Infected Persons with Epilepsy Treated with Phenobarbital: A Randomized Clinical Trial in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Author

Mandro, Michel, primary, Siewe Fodjo, Joseph Nelson, additional, Dusabimana, Alfred, additional, Mukendi, Deby, additional, Haesendonckx, Steven, additional, Lokonda, Richard, additional, Nakato, Swabra, additional, Nyisi, Francoise, additional, Abhafule, Germain, additional, Wonya’rossi, D, additional, Hotterbeekx, An, additional, Abrams, Steven, additional, and Colebunders, Robert, additional

Published
2020
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27. COVID-19, Livestock Systems and Food Security in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of an Emerging Literature.

Author

Abu Hatab, Assem, Krautscheid, Lena, Boqvist, Sofia, Colebunders, Robert, and Souopgui, Jacob

Subjects
FOOD security, COVID-19, DEVELOPING countries, COVID-19 pandemic, SCIENTIFIC knowledge
Abstract

In this paper, we carried out a systematic literature review to document the emerging scientific knowledge about COVID-19 impact on livestock systems and food security in developing countries to identify gaps and possible avenues for future research undertakings. Specifically, we systematically reviewed 68 peer-reviewed articles extracted based on rigorous selection criteria from Scopus, PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases and published between December 2019 and February 2021. Our results reveal that livestock supply chains presented an important 'intermediary' pathway through which the pandemic affected various dimensions of food security in developing countries. Although the research response has been rapid in terms of both quantity and temporal succession, we find a highly suggestive disjunction in studies analyzing the interconnections between COVID-19 pandemic, livestock systems and food security in developing countries. With respect to the livestock supply chain, the bulk of the reviewed evidence focuses on production and consumption, whereas considerably less focus is given to the pandemic's impact on intermediaries within livestock chains, including traders, intermediaries and processors. The analysis of livestock supply chain resilience revolves predominantly around the 'absorbance' and 'recovery' phases of resilience, whereas only a small subset of the literature investigates actions taken by supply chain actors to 'plan' or to 'adapt' livestock systems in order to reduce their vulnerability and enhance their overall resilience. Furthermore, food security has often been narrowly defined, with the majority of articles focusing on 'availability' and 'accessibility' to food due to the pandemic, and other dimensions of food security, including utilization, stability and sustainability, have been widely neglected. Based on our findings, we recommend future research to examine the dynamics of propagation of COVID-19 impact through livestock supply chains in order to develop more targeted interventions that enhance the capacity of developing countries to cope with this and future disruptions and mitigate their food insecurity outcomes. To this end, more holistic, integrated and resilience-based approaches are much recommended to recognize the complex nature of livestock systems in developing countries and to address the multifaceted and widespread effects of COVID-19 on food security channeled through livestock chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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28. Molecular Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Lineages in Jordan: Tracking the Introduction and Spread of COVID-19 UK Variant of Concern at a Country Level.

Author

Sallam, Malik, Mahafzah, Azmi, and Colebunders, Robert

Subjects
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, MOLECULAR evolution, BAYESIAN analysis
Abstract

The rapid evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is manifested by the emergence of an ever-growing pool of genetic lineages. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of SARS-CoV-2 in Jordan, with a special focus on the UK variant of concern. A total of 579 SARS-CoV-2 sequences collected in Jordan were subjected to maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Genetic lineage assignment was undertaken using the Pango system. Amino acid substitutions were investigated using the Protein Variation Effect Analyzer (PROVEAN) tool. A total of 19 different SARS-CoV-2 genetic lineages were detected, with the most frequent being the first Jordan lineage (B.1.1.312), first detected in August 2020 (n = 424, 73.2%). This was followed by the second Jordan lineage (B.1.36.10), first detected in September 2020 (n = 62, 10.7%), and the UK variant of concern (B.1.1.7; n = 36, 6.2%). In the spike gene region, the molecular signature for B.1.1.312 was the non-synonymous mutation A24432T resulting in a deleterious amino acid substitution (Q957L), while the molecular signature for B.1.36.10 was the synonymous mutation C22444T. Bayesian analysis revealed that the UK variant of concern (B.1.1.7) was introduced into Jordan in late November 2020 (mean estimate); four weeks earlier than its official reporting in the country. In Jordan, an exponential increase in COVID-19 cases due to B.1.1.7 lineage coincided with the new year 2021. The highest proportion of phylogenetic clustering was detected for the B.1.1.7 lineage. The amino acid substitution D614G in the spike glycoprotein was exclusively present in the country from July 2020 onwards. Two Jordanian lineages dominated infections in the country, with continuous introduction/emergence of new lineages. In Jordan, the rapid spread of the UK variant of concern should be monitored closely. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 mutants appeared to be related to the founder effect; nevertheless, the biological impact of certain mutations should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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29. Effect of Ivermectin Treatment on the Frequency of Seizures in Persons with Epilepsy Infected with Onchocerca volvulus.

Author

Dusabimana, Alfred, Tsebeni Wafula, Solomon, Raimon, Stephen Jada, Fodjo, Joseph Nelson Siewe, Bhwana, Dan, Tepage, Floribert, Abd-Elfarag, Gasim, Hotterbeekx, An, Abrams, Steven, and Colebunders, Robert

Subjects
IVERMECTIN, ONCHOCERCA volvulus, PEOPLE with epilepsy, NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS, SEIZURES (Medicine), RANDOMIZED controlled trials, ANTICONVULSANTS
Abstract

A clinical trial performed in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), among persons with epilepsy (PWE) infected with Onchocerca volvulus treated with anti-seizure medication suggested that ivermectin reduces the seizure frequency. We assessed the effect of ivermectin treatment on seizure frequency in PWE with and without anti-seizure medication in three onchocerciasis endemic areas (Maridi, South Sudan; Aketi, DRC; and Mahenge, Tanzania). Pre- and 3–5 months post-ivermectin microfilariae densities in skin snips and seizure frequency were assessed. After ivermectin, the median (IQR) percentage reduction in seizure frequency in the study sites ranged from 73.4% (26.0–90.0) to 100% (50.0–100.0). A negative binomial mixed model showed that ivermectin significantly reduced the seizure frequency, with a larger decrease in PWE with a high baseline seizure frequency. Mediation analysis showed that ivermectin reduced the seizure frequencies indirectly through reduction in microfilariae densities but also that ivermectin may have a direct anti-seizure effect. However, given the short half-life of ivermectin and the fact that ivermectin does not penetrate the healthy brain, such a direct anti-seizure effect is unlikely. A randomized controlled trial assessing the ivermectin effect in people infected with O. volvulus who are also PWE on a stable anti-seizure regimen may be needed to clarify the causal relationship between ivermectin and seizure frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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30. Surveillance for Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy and OV16 IgG4 Testing of Children 6–10 Years Old Should Be Used to Identify Areas Where Onchocerciasis Elimination Programs Need Strengthening

Author

Alfred Dusabimana, Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo, Michel Mandro Ndahura, Bruno P. Mmbando, Stephen Raimon Jada, Annelies Boven, Eric De Smet, Tony Ukety, Alfred K. Njamnshi, Anne Laudisoit, Steven Abrams, Robert Colebunders, Colebunders, Robert/0000-0002-1919-1340, Dusabimana, Alfred/0000-0003-2660-880X, NJAMNSHI, Alfred K./0000-0003-0052-1511, Siewe Fodjo, Joseph Nelson/0000-0003-3544-1239, Dusabimana, Alfred, Fodjo, Joseph Nelson Siewe, Ndahura, Michel Mandro, Mmbando, Bruno P., Jada, Stephen Raimon, Boven, Annelies, De Smet, Eric, Ukety, Tony, Njamnshi, Alfred K., Laudisoit, Anne, ABRAMS, Steven, and Colebunders, Robert

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Infectious Diseases, General Immunology and Microbiology, parasitic diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Human medicine, onchocerciasis, onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy, epilepsy prevalence, incidence, ivermectin, OV16 antibodies, Africa, Molecular Biology, Biology
Abstract

To eliminate onchocerciasis-associated morbidity, it is important to identify areas where there is still high ongoing Onchocerca volvulus transmission. Between 2015 and 2021, door-to-door surveys were conducted in onchocerciasis-endemic villages in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, South Sudan, and Tanzania to determine epilepsy prevalence and incidence, type of epilepsy and ivermectin therapeutic coverage. Moreover, children aged between six and 10 years were tested for anti Onchocerca antibodies using the Ov16 IgG4 rapid diagnostic test (RDT). A mixed-effect binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess significantly associated variables of Ov16 antibody seroprevalence. A high prevalence and incidence of epilepsy was found to be associated with a high Ov16 antibody seroprevalence among 6-10-year-old children, except in the Logo health zone, DRC. The low Ov16 antibody seroprevalence among young children in the Logo health zone, despite a high prevalence of epilepsy, may be explained by a recent decrease in O. volvulus transmission because of a decline in the Simulium vector population as a result of deforestation. In the Central African Republic, a new focus of O. volvulus transmission was detected based on the high Ov16 IgG4 seropositivity among children and the detecting of nodding syndrome cases, a phenotypic form of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAF). In conclusion, Ov16 IgG4 RDT testing of 6-10-year-old children is a cheap and rapid method to determine the level of ongoing O. volvulus transmission and to assess, together with surveillance for OAE, the performance of onchocerciasis elimination programs. The study was funded by a grant from the European Research Council (ERC) grant number 671055, project title NSETHIO and VLIRUOS (Flemish Interuniversity Council for University Development Cooperation). The study sponsors, had no role in the design, execution, interpretation, or writing of the study.

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