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Food allergy (FA) is a widespread issue, affecting as many as 10% of the population. Over the past two to three decades, the prevalence of FA has been on the rise, particularly in industrialized and westernized countries. FA is a complex, multifactorial disease mediated by type 2 immune responses and involving environmental and genetic factors. However, the precise mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Metabolomics has the potential to identify disease endotypes, which could beneficially promote personalized prevention and treatment. A metabolome approach would facilitate the identification of surrogate metabolite markers reflecting the disease activity and prognosis. Here, we present a literature overview of recent metabolomic studies conducted on children with FA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mechanisms underlying persistent food allergy (FA) are not well elucidated. The intestinal mucosa is the primary exposure route of food allergens. However, no study has examined intestinal metabolites associated with FA persistence. The goal of this study was to investigate intestinal metabolites and associated microbiomes in early life that aid in determining the development and persistence of FA. Methods: We identified metabolomic alterations in the stool of infants according to FA by mass spectrometry‐based untargeted metabolome profiling. The targeted metabolomic analysis of bile acid metabolites and stool microbiome was performed. Bile acid metabolite composition in infancy was evaluated by characterizing the subjects at the age of 3 into FA remission and persistent FA. Results: In untargeted metabolomics, primary bile acid biosynthesis was significantly different between subjects with FA and healthy controls. In targeted metabolomics for bile acids, intestinal bile acid metabolites synthesized by the alternative pathway were reduced in infants with FA than those in healthy controls. Subjects with persistent FA were also distinguished from healthy controls and those with FA remission by bile acid metabolites of the alternative pathway. These metabolites were negatively correlated with specific IgE levels in egg white. The abundance of intestinal Clostridia was decreased in the FA group and was correlated with ursodeoxycholic acid. Conclusion: Intestinal bile acid metabolites of the alternative pathway could be predictive biomarkers for persistent FA in early childhood. These findings require replication in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linoleic acid (LA) is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in most Western foods. Although there is no direct evidence, it has been reported that the LA metabolite decreased in patients with AD due to impairment of the delta-6 desaturase activity involved in the conversion of LA to gamma linolenic acid.3 However, previous studies on the role of omega-6 PUFA supplementation in AD, commonly using evening primrose oil, have produced conflicting results.4 Among the functional fatty acids, LA is one of the most crucial metabolites produced from microbial sources, including I Bifidobacterium i and I Lactobacillus i . [Extracted from the article]