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Author(s): Paolo Giordano [sup.1] , Giuseppe Stefano Netti [sup.2] , Luisa Santangelo [sup.1] , Giuseppe Castellano [sup.3] , Vincenza Carbone [sup.1] , Diletta Domenica Torres [sup.1] , Marida Martino [sup.1] [...], Background Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a clinical syndrome encompassing a large group of rare but severe disorders including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and both typical and atypical forms of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The key role of the complement system is well known in TTP and atypical HUS, but recent reports describe its involvement in the pathogenesis of HUS secondary to gastrointestinal infections due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Methods TMA mainly affects the kidney, but extra-renal complications are frequently described. The involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) represents often a life-threatening condition and it can result in serious long-term disability in HUS patients who overcome the acute phase of illness. In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed a pediatric cohort of a single tertiary pediatric hospital in Southern Italy, in which this complication occurred in 12/54 children (22% of cases), of whom five with severe neurological involvement had been successfully treated with eculizumab. Results The great clinical variability of brain injury in our cohort has led us to retrospectively build a "neurological score" useful to assess the clinical severity of neurologic involvement. Subjects with higher neurologic score due to the most severe CNS involvement resulted in the group of patients early treated with eculizumab, obtaining a good clinical response (four out five patients). In conclusion, the early treatment with eculizumab in children with severe neurological involvement during STEC-HUS was associated with complete regression of both acute kidney injury (AKI) and neurological lesions observed at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Conclusions A "neurological score" may be a useful tool to drive the early treatment of CNS complications in STEC-HUS with eculizumab, although future perspective controlled studies are urgently needed to validate this therapeutic approach.