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Abbreviated home polysomnography may be an alternative to laboratory polysomnography in children but is not yet generally accepted, partly due to a lack of reference values. Also, there are no normative data on respiratory events obtained using nasal prongs. We determined the prevalence and frequency of central, obstructive, and mixed apneas and hypopneas in a population-based sample of 50 children (mean age 10.1 years) using abbreviated home polysomnography and nasal prongs. We also determined the frequency of movements/arousals and body position changes. All children had central apneas. Obstructive apneas, mixed apneas, and hypopneas were found in 36%, 6%, and 14% of children, respectively. Average number of central, obstructive, and mixed apneas; hypopneas; movement/arousals; and body position changes per hour of sleep was 1.5, 0.1, 0.01, 0.02, 8.2, and 3.7, respectively. The corresponding cutoff values (mean plus 2 standard deviations or 95th centile) were 3.7, 0.7, 0.1, 0.2, 13.4, and 9.1, respectively. We did not find significant gender differences regarding any sleep variable under study. The presented reference values may help clinicians and researchers to improve the interpretation of abbreviated home polysomnography in school-age children.

Supine sleeping, recommended to prevent sudden infant death, should be started in the delivery hospital, but meets concern that neonates may exhibit more intermittent hypoxia in this position. We aimed to demonstrate that intermittent hypoxia is equally rare in supine and side position. We enrolled 609 term neonates in a crossover study. Pulse oximeter saturation (Spo2) was recorded throughout; feeding periods were excluded. The rate of desaturation events to

The propensity for sustained inflammation after bacterial infection in neonates, resulting in inflammatory sequelae such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and periventricular leucomalacia, is well known, but its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Termination of inflammatory reactions physiologically occurs early after removal of bacteria by phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) of immune effector cells such as monocytes. PICD from cord blood monocytes (CBMOs) was shown to be reduced as compared with that of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMOs) from adult donors in vitro.PBMOs, CBMOs, and Fas (CD95)-deficient (lpr) mouse monocytes were analyzed in an in vitro infection model using green fluorescence protein-labeled Escherichia coli (E. coli-GFP). Phagocytosis and apoptosis were quantified by flow cytometry and CD95L secretion was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.We demonstrate the involvement of the CD95/CD95 ligand pathway (CD95/CD95L) in PICD and provide evidence that diminished CD95L secretion by CBMOs may result in prolonged activation of neonatal immune effector cells.These in vitro results offer for the first time a molecular mechanism accounting for sustained inflammation seen in neonates.

Introduction: Supine sleeping is recommended to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Anecdotal evidence, however, suggests that cyanotic episodes are more common in neonates sleeping supine. We wanted to determine whether term neonates do indeed have more episodes of intermittent hypoxia in the supine than in the side position.

Position Dependent Perfusion of The Vertebrobasilar System in Premature Infants < 1750 Gram