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Context: Jatropha isabellei Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) has been used in the traditional medicine to treat arthritis. Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the dichloromethane fraction (DFJi) from underground parts of J. isabellei, and to develop an analytical method to quantify the diterpene jatrophone. Materials and methods: Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the DFji were determined by an acute arthritis model through assessment of the paw elevation time (PET) and articular diameter (AD) of Wistar rats treated orally (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg in a single-dose), and intravenously (0.1, 1, 10, 25 or 50 mg/kg in a bolus administration). The isolation of jatrophone from the DFji was carried out and confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. A UFLC-DAD method was developed and validated. Results: When orally administered, the highest dose (200 mg/kg) of DFJi was able to significantly reduce the PET to 24.8 ± 1.4 s (p