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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the bacteria that triggers nosocomial diseases. Bacterial resistance requires continuous exploration of active antimicrobial substances from various sources, including medicinal plants. Leaves of cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) reportedly contain three classes of compounds, namely, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. This research was designed to identify active antimicrobial substances in cherry leaves that could inhibit the growth of MRSA. It employed the Kirby-Bauer test to examine the antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts of Muntingia calabura L. (EMC) against MRSA. Through GC-MS, active substances were detected from the presence of active spots on TLC plates, as determined by direct-contact bioautography. The TLC used silica gel F254 as the stationary phase and chloroform:ethyl acetate (9:1) as the mobile phase. The antimicrobial activity test results showed that the zone of inhibition of 10% w/v EMC was 10.91±0.75 mm in diameter. At 5% w/v and 2.5% w/v, EMC created zones of inhibition with diameters of 8.5±0.25 mm and 7.25±0.25 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, at 1.25% w/v, it showed no inhibitory activities. Based on the TLC-Bioautography profile, the active spot that produced zones of inhibition was located at Rf 0.04 mm. The GC-MS analysis of this spot detected the presence of two compounds: the first compound had a similarity index of 35% with 3,11,13-triacetycynaratriol, and the second one had a similarity index of 80% with hexaborane-12. Cynaratriol is known to posses antimicrobial activity, whereas hexaborane is the opposite. In conclusion, the minimum inhibitory concentration of EMC for MRSA is 2.5% w/v. Also, the active compounds of EMC bear 35% similarities to 3,11,13-triacetycynaratriol.

Annona muricata plant is a medicinal plant using by research and drug for human healthy including diabetes mellitus. This research aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract and chloroform extract of the sirsak leaf as antidiabetes mellitus. This research was conducted in 9 groups of male Wistar rats consisting of 5 rats per group, consisting of normal control, alloxan control, glibenclamide control dose of 10 mg/Kg BW, group of ethanol extract sirsak leaf dose of 50 mg/Kg BW; 100 mg/Kg BW; 200 mg/Kg BW, and group of chloroform extract sirsak leaf dose of 50 mg/kg BW; 100 mg/Kg BW; 250 mg/Kg BW. Tests carried out for 2 weeks. It also conducted assays of total flavonoids and histopathological tests of pancreatic β cells. Results of this research showed that the ethanol extract of sirsak leaves dose of 200 mg/Kg BW has activity in decreasing blood glucose levels better than any other group. Results of the ethanol extract and chloroform extract all doses except the ethanol extract treatment group dose of 200 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW after a 14-day look is still high triglyceride levels and decrease in total cholesterol (TC) were seen in all group Ethanol extract dose of 200 mg / kgBW has a good potential to reduce levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol. The conclusion of this research is the ethanol extract of sirsak leaf have activity antidiabetic mellitusand decreased total cholesterol.

Eurycoma longifolia has been used as a remedy for detoxification, aphrodisiaca, anticancer and immunistimulant. The quassinoids of pasak bumi root extract, have antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activity by increasing IL-12. This study aims to determine the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of pasak bumi root on macrophages phagocytic activity in vitro. Macrophages were isolated from peritoneal fluid of male Balb/Cmice, and thenwere cultured for 24 hours in 24 well plate. The ethyl actetate fraction ethanolic extract of pasak bumi root with concentration of 10, 50, and 100 µg/ml, lipopolysaccharides and dimethyl sulfoxide were added, and incubated for 1.5 hours. The phagocytosis tests was carried out by adding latex with density 5x104 /well and incubated for 1.5 hours at incubator (5% CO2,37o C). Macrophage were then stained by Giemsa. The results showed that the percentage of active phagocytic cells treated with ethyl actetate fraction of ethanolic extract of pasak bumi root of 10, 50 and 100 µg/ml, lipopolysaccharides, and dimethyl sulfoxide were 95.4%, 90%, 85.4%, 83.4%, and 79% respectively. Phagocytic capacity at treatment levels of 10, 50, and 100 µg/ml, lipopolysaccharides,and dimethyl sulfoxide were 469; 439.8; 360.8; 204.6; and 147.6 respectively. The result showed thatreatment of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of pasak bumi root can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages in vitro.

Elephantopus scaber Linn. has been reported to have cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells and the potential to be developed as anticancer agent. This study aims was to determine the cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction effect of petroleum ether fractions of ethanolic extract of (Elephantopus scaber Linn) leaves against cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Petroleum ether fraction was obtained by dissolving eyhanolic extract in petroleum ether, and the soluble fraction was as petroleum ether fraction. The method used for cytotoxic activity test was MTT test. The concentration series used were 2000; 1500; 1000; 800; 400; 200; 100; 50; 25; 12.5; 6.25 and 3.125 mg/ml. The IC50 used as cytotoxic parameters. The apoptotic observations was conducted using acridine orange and ethidium bromide. The study showed the IC50 of petroleum ether fraction of (Elephantopus scaber Linn) ethanolic extract was 185 ug/ml. The study also showed the potency to stimulate apoptosis in HeLa cells.