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This paper describes design specifications and performance of a toroid-type high-temperature superconducting (HTS) DC reactor. The first phase operation targets of the HTS DC reactor were 400 mH and 400 A. The authors have developed a real HTS DC reactor system during the last three years. The HTS DC reactor was designed using 2G GdBCO HTS wires. The HTS coils of the toroid-type DC reactor magnet were made in the form of a D-shape. The electromagnetic performance of the toroid-type HTS DC reactor magnet was analyzed using the finite element method program. A conduction cooling method was adopted for reactor magnet cooling. The total system has been successfully developed and tested in connection with LCC type HVDC system. Now, the authors are studying a 400 mH, kA class toroid-type HTS DC reactor for the next phase research. The 1500 A class DC reactor system was designed using layered 13 mm GdBCO 2G HTS wire. The expected operating temperature is under 30 K. These fundamental data obtained through both works will usefully be applied to design a real toroid-type HTS DC reactor for grid application.

Conventional induction heaters have been in operation in metal and related industries with poor energy efficiencies of only 50–60%. Also, the efficiency of atmosphere furnace, one of the various heating facilities for metal billets, is about 20%. Hence, a high temperature superconducting (HTS) DC induction heating machine to heat a rotating metal billet under uniform magnetic field generated by the 2G HTS magnet with about 80–90% of the system energy efficiency has been researched in this paper. We presented practical design specification, operational characteristics, and temperature distribution on a 10 kW class HTS DC induction heating machine which had been built and tested. The saturated temperature of an HTS no-insulated(NI) coil in the cryostat fabricated with 100 A of the operating current reached 45.9 K and the magnetic field at the centre point between two iron cores measured 0.2 T. The rotating machine for 4.1 kg of the aluminum billet was tested on 1760 rpm of the rated rotating speed. The final temperature of the aluminum billet has risen up to 500 °C for 480 s. The research outcomes are expected to be useful for the design of a large scale HTS DC induction heating machine in industries.

For the conduction cooling application, epoxy impregnation is inevitable to enhance the thermal conduction. However, there have been several research results on the delamination problem with coated conductor and the main cause of the delamination is related with the different thermal contraction between epoxy, the insulation layer and the weak conductor. To avoid this problem, the amount of epoxy and insulation layer between conductors should be minimized or removed. Therefore, no insulation (NI) winding method and impregnation after dry winding can be considered to solve the problem. The NI coil winding method is very attractive due to high mechanical/thermal stability for the special purpose of DC magnets by removing the insulation layer. In this paper, the NI coil winding method and vacuum impregnation are applied to a HTS coil to avoid the delamination problem and enhance the mechanical/thermal stability for the conduction cooling application. Through the charging/discharging operation, electric/thermal characteristics are investigated at 77 K and 30 K.

This paper describes the design specifications and performance of a real toroid-type high temperature superconducting (HTS) DC reactor. The HTS DC reactor was designed using 2G HTS wires. The HTS coils of the toroid-type DC reactor magnet were made in the form of a D-shape. The target inductance of the HTS DC reactor was 400 mH. The expected operating temperature was under 20 K. The electromagnetic performance of the toroid-type HTS DC reactor magnet was analyzed using the finite element method program. A conduction cooling method was adopted for reactor magnet cooling. Performances of the toroid-type HTS DC reactor were analyzed through experiments conducted under the steady-state and charge conditions. The fundamental design specifications and the data obtained from this research will be applied to the design of a commercial-type HTS DC reactor.

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) which promises the efficiency of more than 95% and fast response becomes a competitive energy storage device. Because of its advantages, SMES can provide benefit as a power quality enhancement device to an utility especially in connection with renewable energy sources. In this paper, a software simulation and an experiment aiming for power quality enhancement are reported. The utility was referred to Ulleung Island in Korea which had one wind power generation system. The simulation was performed using power system computer aided design/electromagnetic transient including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC) and power-hardware-in-the-loop simulation (PHILS) was implemented to monitor the operational characteristics of SMES when it was connected to utility. This study provides a highly reliable simulation results, and the feasibility of a SMES application is discussed.

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system is a DC current driven device and can be utilized to improve power quality particularly in connection with renewable energy sources due to higher efficiency and faster response than other devices. This paper suggests a novel connection topology of SMES which can smoothen the output power flow of the wind power generation system (WPGS). The structure of the proposed system is cost-effective because it reduces a power converter in comparison with a conventional application of SMES. One more advantage of SMES in the proposed system is to improve the capability of low voltage ride through (LVRT) for the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) type WPGS. The proposed system including a SMES has been modeled and analyzed by a PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the novel SMES application strategy to not only mitigate the output power of the PMSG but also improve the capability of LVRT for PMSG type WPGS.

The superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system is working on around 30 K, because the magnet is made of high temperature superconductor. To maintain the cryogenic temperature, the superconducting coil is cooled by cryogen, helium gas or liquid neon. But there are some weak points in the cryogen cooling system. For example periodic charge of the cryogen and size is big and so on. So, we have designed the conduction cooling system for toroidal configuration HTS SMES. The toroidal type HTS SMES has some merits, so it is very small magnetic field leakage, and magnetic field applied perpendicular to the tape surface can be reduced. Our system has 28 numbers of HTS double pancake coils and they are arrayed toroidal configuration. The toroidal inner radius is 162 mm, and outer radius is 599 mm, and height is about 162 mm. In this study, we have designed the cooling structure and analyzed temperature distribution of cooling path, thermal stress and deformation of the cooling structure.

This paper analyzed the heat characteristics of a conduction cooling toroidal-type SMES magnet. The authors designed and manufactured a conduction cooling toroidal-type SMES magnet which consists of 30 double pancake coils. One (a single pancake coil) of a double pancake coil is arranged at an angle of 6° from each other. The shape of the toroidal-type SMES magnet was designed by a 3D CAD program. The heat invasion was investigated under no-load condition and the thermal characteristic of the toroidal-type SMES magnet was analyzed using the Finite Elements Method program. Both the analyzed and the experiment results are compared and discussed in detail.

High temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables offer an innovative transmission line that differs from conventional technologies because HTS power cables can send bulk power with extremely low loss. This paper investigates the loss characteristic of HTS DC power cable considering harmonic current caused by power electronic devices in practical power systems. We focused on the losses of HTS DC power cables and designed a model cable using YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 HTS wire. The losses under DC current with harmonic components at 77 K are measured. The lower DC transport current yields more losses with the same ripple current in the unsaturated region. If DC transport current is increased within the critical current, the high frequency ripple current will have less influence on the loss. It was clearly monitored that the losses are proportional to the magnitude of the ripple current and the frequency in this study.

This paper analyzes the operational characteristics of conduction cooling Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) through a real hardware based simulation. To analyze the operational characteristics, the authors manufactured a small-scale toroidal-type SMES and implemented a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) based power quality enhancement simulation. The method can consider not only electrical characteristics such as inductance and current but also temperature characteristic by using the real SMES system. In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method, a voltage sag compensation simulation has been implemented using the RTDS connected with the High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) model coil and DC/DC converter system, and the simulation results are discussed in detail.

The authors calculated the loss of the High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) model cable using Norris ellipse formula, and measured the loss of the model cable experimentally. Two kinds of measuring method are used. One is the electrical method, and the other is the calorimetric method. The electrical method can be used only in AC condition. But the calorimetric method can be used in both AC and DC bias conditions. In order to propose an effective measuring approach for Ripple Dependent Loss (RDL) under DC bias condition using the calorimetric method, Bismuth Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide (BSCCO) wires were used for the HTS model cable, and the SUS tapes were used as a heating tape to make the same pattern of the temperature profiles as in the electrical method without the transport current. The temperature-loss relations were obtained by the electrical method, and then applied to the calorimetric method by which the RDL under DC bias condition was well estimated.

The harmonic current, which is generated by non-linear switching devices, flows into the utility network, and becomes one of the undesired reasons which lead to the voltage distortion. And voltage sag from sudden increasing loads is also one of the serious problems inside the utility network. In order to compensate these problems, the authors propose a certain active filter system, which includes an SMES coil for energy source. However, since SMES includes the superconducting magnetic coil, quenching problem caused by unexpected reasons is one of the significant factors of the performance of active filter. Finally, this paper shows the results of the analysis of the influences of the internal fault of SMES coil. And the result of the operation of a three-phase multi-function power flow controller for the internal fault of SMES coil is also demonstrated.

The magnetic properties of high Tc superconductor (HTS) YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) coated conductors (CCs) which are based on RABiTS (rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrate) and IBAD (ion-beam-assisted deposition) templates were investigated. The measurement of isothermal magnetizations M(H) for the prepared YBCO-CCs was carried out at 77 K and 100 K in magnetic fields up to 3000 G. The magnetic properties for the applied magnetic fields parallel to the ab-plane are much smaller than that perpendicular to the ab-plane. Large magnetic property in the YBCO-CC based on the RABiTS template comes from the strong ferromagnetism of the textured Ni–W alloy substrate.